Complex Analysis of Vanillin and Syringic Acid as Natural Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Selection of Phenolic Compounds
2.2. Biofilm Formation Inhibition Using Phenolic Compounds
2.3. EPS Formation Inhibition Using Phenolic Compounds
2.4. Complex Analysis of EPS Components
2.5. Real-Time qPCR of Biofilm Determinants
2.5.1. RNAIII-Dependent Genes
2.5.2. RNAIII-Independent Genes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions
4.2. Phenolic Compounds
4.3. Assessment of Metabolic Activity of Biofilm by Resazurin
4.4. Assessment of Biofilm Formation by Crystal Violet Staining
4.5. EPS Inhibition Analysis by WGA Assay
4.6. EPS Isolation
4.7. Bradford Protein Assay
4.8. Calorimetric DuBois Method
4.9. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
4.10. Phenol-Chloroform RNA Extraction
4.11. Real-Time qPCR
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Minich, A.; Levarski, Z.; Mikulášová, M.; Straka, M.; Liptáková, A.; Stuchlík, S. Complex Analysis of Vanillin and Syringic Acid as Natural Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031816
Minich A, Levarski Z, Mikulášová M, Straka M, Liptáková A, Stuchlík S. Complex Analysis of Vanillin and Syringic Acid as Natural Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(3):1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031816
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinich, Andrej, Zdenko Levarski, Mária Mikulášová, Marek Straka, Adriána Liptáková, and Stanislav Stuchlík. 2022. "Complex Analysis of Vanillin and Syringic Acid as Natural Antimicrobial Agents against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3: 1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031816