Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Selenium in Biological Function
3. Selenium in Hypothalamic Function
4. Signals from Brain to Body
4.1. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
4.2. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
4.3. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
4.4. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Prolactin Axis
4.5. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Somatotropic Axis
4.6. Oxytocin and Vasopressin
5. Signals from Body to Brain
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Selenoprotein | Abbreviation(s) | Function/Reactions Catalyzed |
---|---|---|
lodothyronine deiodinases (1–3) | DIO (1–3) | Types 1 and 2 activate thyroid hormones (T4 to T3) and type 3 deactivates (T3 to T2, or T4 to rT3). Type 2 localizes to the ER. |
Glutathione peroxidases (1–4, 6) | GPX (1–4, 6) | Reduces hydrogen peroxide species. Type 1 is present in cytosol. Type 4 reduces phospholipid hydroperoxides. |
Methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 | MSRB1 | Reduces sulfoxidated methionipes. |
Selenophosphatase synthetase 2 | SEPHS2 | Synthesis of selenophosphate to support selenoprotein synthesis. |
Selenoprotein F | SELENOF | Thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase in the ER. |
Selenoprotein H | SELENOH | Localized to the nucleus. Thought to conduct redox sensing to support transcription. |
Selenoprotein I | SELENOI | Ethanolamine phosphotransferase to support the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine. |
Selenoprotein K | SELENOK | Palmitoylation of inositol triphosphate receptors to facilitate store-operated Ca2+ entry from the ER. |
Selenoprotein M | SELENOM | Thio-disulfide oxidoreductase in the ER. |
Selenoprotein N | SELENON | Oxidoreductase that senses ER luminal Ca2+ levels. |
Selenoprotein O | SELENOO | Localized to the mitochondrion. |
Selenoprotein P | SELENOP | Secretory glycoprotein that delivers selenium to cells throughout the body. |
Selenoprotein S | SELENOS | Participates in ER associated protein degradation. |
Selenoprotein T | SELENOT | Thought to regulate Ca2+ homeostasis in the ER. |
Selenoprotein V | SELENOV | Regulates O-GlcNAcylation. |
Selenoprotein W | SELENOW | Proposed to have antioxidant function. |
Thioredoxin reductases (1–3) | TXNRD (1–3) | Reduction of oxidized thioredoxin. Type 1 localizes to cytoplasm, type 2 to mitochondria. |
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Toh, P.; Nicholson, J.L.; Vetter, A.M.; Berry, M.J.; Torres, D.J. Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315445
Toh P, Nicholson JL, Vetter AM, Berry MJ, Torres DJ. Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315445
Chicago/Turabian StyleToh, Pamela, Jessica L. Nicholson, Alyssa M. Vetter, Marla J. Berry, and Daniel J. Torres. 2022. "Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315445