Key Genetic Components of Fibrosis in Diabetic Nephropathy: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Identification and Eligibility of Relevant Studies
2.2. Data Synthesis and Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Study Characteristics
3.2. Meta-Analysis Results
3.3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ACE pathway ACE, ACE2, AGT, AGTR1, AGTR2, ANPEP, ATP6AP2, CMA1, CPA3, CTSA, CTSG, ENPEP, KLK1, KLK2, LNPEP, MAS1, MME, MRGPRD, NLN, PRCP, PREP, REN, THOP1 |
Relaxin pathway ACTA2, ADCY1, ADCY2, ADCY3, ADCY4, ADCY5, ADCY6, ADCY7, ADCY8, ADCY9, AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, ARRB1, ARRB2, ATF2, ATF4, ATF6B, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6, CREB1, CREB3, CREB3L1, CREB3L2, CREB3L3, CREB3L4, CREB5, EDN1, EDNRB, EGFR, FOS, GNA15, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAO1, GNAS, GNB1, GNB2, GNB3, GNB4, GNB5, GNG10, GNG11, GNG12, GNG13, GNG2, GNG3, GNG4, GNG5, GNG7, GNG8, GNGT1, GNGT2, GRB2, HRAS, INSL3, INSL5, JUN, KRAS, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K4, MAP2K7, MAPK1, MAPK10, MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13, MAPK14, MAPK3, MAPK8, MAPK9, MMP1, MMP13, MMP2, MMP9, NFKB1, NFKBIA, NOS1, NOS2, NOS3, NRAS, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PIK3R3, PLCB1, PLCB2, PLCB3, PLCB4, PRKACA, PRKACB, PRKACG, PRKCA, PRKCZ, RAF1, RELA, RLN1, RLN2, RLN3, RXFP1, RXFP2, RXFP3, RXFP4, SHC1, SHC2, SHC3, SHC4, SMAD2, SOS1, SOS2, SRC, TGFB1, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD |
Wnt signaling pathway APC, APC2, APCDD1, APCDD1L, AXIN1, AXIN2, BAMBI, BTRC, CACYBP, CAMK2A, CAMK2B, CAMK2D, CAMK2G, CBY1, CCDC88C, CCN4, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CER1, CHD8, CREBBP, CSNK1A1, CSNK1A1L, CSNK1E, CSNK2A1, CSNK2A2, CSNK2A3, CSNK2B, CTBP1, CTBP2, CTNNB1, CTNNBIP1, CTNND2, CUL1, CXXC4, DAAM1, DAAM2, DKK1, DKK2, DKK4, DVL1, DVL2, DVL3, EP300, FBXW11, FOSL1, FRAT1, FRAT2, FRZB, FZD1, FZD10, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, GPC4, GSK3B, INVS, JUN, LEF1, LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, LRP5, LRP6, MAP3K7, MAPK10, MAPK8, MAPK9, MMP7, MYC, NFATC1, NFATC2, NFATC3, NFATC4, NKD1, NKD2, NLK, NOTUM, PLCB1, PLCB2, PLCB3, PLCB4, PORCN, PPARD, PPP3CA, PPP3CB, PPP3CC, PPP3R1, PPP3R2, PRICKLE1, PRICKLE2, PRICKLE3, PRICKLE4, PRKACA, PRKACB, PRKACG, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCG, PSEN1, RAC1, RAC2, RAC3, RBX1, RHOA, RNF43, ROCK2, ROR1, ROR2, RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3, RSPO4, RUVBL1, RYK, SENP2, SERPINF1, SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP4, SFRP5, SIAH1, SKP1, SMAD3, SMAD4, SOST, SOX17, TBL1X, TBL1XR1, TBL1Y, TCF7, TCF7L1, TCF7L2, TLE1, TLE2, TLE3, TLE4, TLE6, TLE7, TP53, TPTEP2-CSNK1E, VANGL1, VANGL2, WIF1, WNT1, WNT10A, WNT10B, WNT11, WNT16, WNT2, WNT2B, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT4, WNT5A, WNT5B, WNT6, WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT8A, WNT8B, WNT9A, WNT9B, ZNRF3 |
MAPK signaling pathway AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, ANGPT4, ARAF, AREG, ARRB1, ARRB2, ATF2, ATF4, BDNF, BRAF, CACNA1A, CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1E, CACNA1F, CACNA1G, CACNA1H, CACNA1I, CACNA1S, CACNA2D1, CACNA2D2, CACNA2D3, CACNA2D4, CACNB1, CACNB2, CACNB3, CACNB4, CACNG1, CACNG2, CACNG3, CACNG4, CACNG5, CACNG6, CACNG7, CACNG8, CASP3, CD14, CDC25B, CDC42, CHUK, CRK, CRKL, CSF1, CSF1R, DAXX, DDIT3, DUSP1, DUSP10, DUSP16, DUSP2, DUSP3, DUSP4, DUSP5, DUSP6, DUSP7, DUSP8, DUSP9, ECSIT, EFNA1, EFNA2, EFNA3, EFNA4, EFNA5, EGF, EGFR, ELK1, ELK4, EPHA2, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, EREG, FAS, FASLG, FGF1, FGF10, FGF16, FGF17, FGF18, FGF19, FGF2, FGF20, FGF21, FGF22, FGF23, FGF3, FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF7, FGF8, FGF9, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FLNA, FLNB, FLNC, FLT1, FLT3, FLT3LG, FLT4, FOS, GADD45A, GADD45B, GADD45G, GNA12, GNG12, GRB2, HGF, HRAS, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA1L, HSPA2, HSPA6, HSPA8, HSPB1, IGF1, IGF1R, IGF2, IKBKB, IKBKG, IL1A, IL1B, IL1R1, IL1RAP, INS, INSR, IRAK1, IRAK4, JMJD7-PLA2G4B, JUN, JUND, KDR, KIT, KITLG, KRAS, LAMTOR3, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K3, MAP2K4, MAP2K5, MAP2K6, MAP2K7, MAP3K1, MAP3K11, MAP3K12, MAP3K13, MAP3K14, MAP3K2, MAP3K20, MAP3K3, MAP3K4, MAP3K5, MAP3K6, MAP3K7, MAP3K8, MAP4K1, MAP4K2, MAP4K3, MAP4K4, MAPK1, MAPK10, MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13, MAPK14, MAPK3, MAPK7, MAPK8, MAPK8IP1, MAPK8IP2, MAPK8IP3, MAPK9, MAPKAPK2, MAPKAPK3, MAPKAPK5, MAPT, MAX, MECOM, MEF2C, MET, MKNK1, MKNK2, MRAS, MYC, MYD88, NF1, NFATC1, NFATC3, NFKB1, NFKB2, NGF, NGFR, NLK, NR4A1, NRAS, NTF3, NTF4, NTRK1, NTRK2, PAK1, PAK2, PDGFA, PDGFB, PDGFC, PDGFD, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PGF, PLA2G4A, PLA2G4B, PLA2G4C, PLA2G4D, PLA2G4E, PLA2G4F, PPM1A, PPM1B, PPP3CA, PPP3CB, PPP3CC, PPP3R1, PPP3R2, PPP5C, PRKACA, PRKACB, PRKACG, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCG, PTPN5, PTPN7, PTPRR, RAC1, RAC2, RAC3, RAF1, RAP1A, RAP1B, RAPGEF2, RASA1, RASA2, RASGRF1, RASGRF2, RASGRP1, RASGRP2, RASGRP3, RASGRP4, RELA, RELB, RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2, RPS6KA3, RPS6KA4, RPS6KA5, RPS6KA6, RRAS, RRAS2, SOS1, SOS2, SRF, STK3, STK4, STMN1, TAB1, TAB2, TAOK1, TAOK2, TAOK3, TEK, TGFA, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TNF, TNFRSF1A, TP53, TRADD, TRAF2, TRAF6, VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD |
PI3KC signaling pathway BPNT2, CALM1, CALM2, CALM3, CALML3, CALML4, CALML5, CALML6, CDIPT, CDS1, CDS2, DGKA, DGKB, DGKD, DGKE, DGKG, DGKH, DGKI, DGKK, DGKQ, DGKZ, IMPA1, IMPA2, INPP1, INPP4A, INPP4B, INPP5A, INPP5B, INPP5D, INPP5E, INPP5F, INPPL1, IP6K1, IP6K2, IP6K3, IPMK, IPPK, ITPK1, ITPKA, ITPKB, ITPKC, ITPR1, ITPR2, ITPR3, MTM1, MTMR1, MTMR14, MTMR2, MTMR3, MTMR4, MTMR6, MTMR7, MTMR8, OCRL, PI4K2A, PI4K2B, PI4KA, PI4KB, PIK3C2A, PIK3C2B, PIK3C2G, PIK3C3, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PIK3R3, PIKFYVE, PIP4K2A, PIP4K2B, PIP4K2C, PIP4P1, PIP4P2, PIP5K1A, PIP5K1B, PIP5K1C, PLCB1, PLCB2, PLCB3, PLCB4, PLCD1, PLCD3, PLCD4, PLCE1, PLCG1, PLCG2, PLCZ1, PPIP5K1, PPIP5K2, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCG, PTEN, SACM1L, SYNJ1, SYNJ2 |
TGFB1 signaling pathway ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C, ACVR2A, ACVR2B, AMH, AMHR2, BAMBI, BMP2, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8A, BMP8B, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, CDKN2B, CHRD, CREBBP, CUL1, DCN, E2F4, E2F5, EP300, FBN1, FMOD, FST, GDF5, GDF6, GDF7, GREM1, GREM2, HAMP, HJV, ID1, ID2, ID3, ID4, IFNG, INHBA, INHBB, INHBC, INHBE, LEFTY1, LEFTY2, LTBP1, MAPK1, MAPK3, MICOS10-NBL1, MYC, NBL1, NEO1, NODAL, NOG, PITX2, PPP2CA, PPP2CB, PPP2R1A, PPP2R1B, RBL1, RBX1, RGMA, RGMB, RHOA, ROCK1, RPS6KB1, RPS6KB2, SKP1, SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD5, SMAD6, SMAD7, SMAD9, SMURF1, SMURF2, SP1, TFDP1, TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGIF1, TGIF2, THBS1, THSD4, TNF, ZFYVE16, ZFYVE9 |
NOTCH signaling pathway ADAM17, APH1A, APH1B, ATXN1, ATXN1L, CIR1, CREBBP, CTBP1, CTBP2, DLL1, DLL3, DLL4, DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, DTX3L, DTX4, DVL1, DVL2, DVL3, EP300, HDAC1, HDAC2, HES1, HES5, HEY1, HEY2, HEYL, JAG1, JAG2, KAT2A, KAT2B, LFNG, MAML1, MAML2, MAML3, MFNG, NCOR2, NCSTN, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, NOTCH4, NUMB, NUMBL, PSEN1, PSEN2, PSENEN, PTCRA, RBPJ, RBPJL, RFNG, SNW1, TLE1, TLE2, TLE3, TLE4, TLE6, TLE7 |
JAK signaling pathway AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, AOX1, BCL2, BCL2L1, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CDKN1A, CISH, CNTF, CNTFR, CREBBP, CRLF2, CSF2, CSF2RA, CSF2RB, CSF3, CSF3R, CSH1, CSH2, CTF1, EGF, EGFR, EP300, EPO, EPOR, FHL1, GFAP, GH1, GH2, GHR, GRB2, HRAS, IFNA1, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA2, IFNA21, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNAR1, IFNAR2, IFNB1, IFNE, IFNG, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNK, IFNL1, IFNL2, IFNL3, IFNLR1, IFNW1, IL10, IL10RA, IL10RB, IL11, IL11RA, IL12A, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL12RB2, IL13, IL13RA1, IL13RA2, IL15, IL15RA, IL17D, IL19, IL2, IL20, IL20RA, IL20RB, IL21, IL21R, IL22, IL22RA1, IL22RA2, IL23A, IL23R, IL24, IL27RA, IL2RA, IL2RB, IL2RG, IL3, IL3RA, IL4, IL4R, IL5, IL5RA, IL6, IL6R, IL6ST, IL7, IL7R, IL9, IL9R, IRF9, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, LEP, LEPR, LIF, LIFR, MCL1, MPL, MTOR, MYC, OSM, OSMR, PDGFA, PDGFB, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PIAS1, PIAS2, PIAS3, PIAS4, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PIK3R3, PIM1, PRL, PRLR, PTPN11, PTPN2, PTPN6, RAF1, SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, SOCS4, SOCS5, SOCS6, SOCS7, SOS1, SOS2, STAM, STAM2, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAT6, THPO, TSLP, TYK2 |
Gene | Variant | RS | Studies (n) | Cases/Controls (n) | RE ORG | 95% LL | 95% UL | I2(%) | PQ | PE | Current Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diseased Controls versus Cases | |||||||||||
ACE | I > D | rs4646994 | 66 | 11437/10984 | 1.22 | 1.10 | 1.35 | 76.34 | 0.00 | 0.70 | updated |
All in HWE | I > D | 56 | 9383/8847 | 1.28 | 1.16 | 1.41 | 67.29 | 0.00 | 0.65 | ||
AGT | M235T | rs699 | 26 | 5015/5253 | 1.21 | 1.01 | 1.45 | 82,45 | 0,00 | 0.84 | [13] |
All in HWE | 19 | 3181/3655 | 1.09 | 0.92 | 1.31 | 72.76 | 0.00 | 0.95 | |||
EPO | G > T | rs1617640 | 3 | 1618/954 | 1.64 | 1.43 | 1.89 | 0.00 | 0.78 | 0.03 | [13] |
GREM1 | rs1129456 (A/T) | 2 | 859/940 | 1.55 | 1.23 | 1.94 | 1.02 | 0.31 | na | new | |
IL1B | −511C > T | rs16944 | 3 | 774/667 | 1.66 | 1.38 | 2.01 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.28 | [13] |
All in HWE | 3 | ||||||||||
IL10 | −1082 A > G | rs1800896 | 4 | 677/761 | 1.23 | 1.01 | 1.49 | 0 | 0.56 | 0.63 | [13] |
All in HWE | 2 | 610/690 | 1.25 | 1.02 | 1.53 | 0 | 0.62 | na | |||
NOS3 | T-786C | rs2070744 | 9 | 2288/2154 | 1.21 | 1.08 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 0.40 | updated |
All in HWE | 7 | 2026/1862 | 1.21 | 1.08 | 1.37 | 3.08 | 0.40 | 0.29 | |||
NOS3 | G894T | rs1799983 | 21 | 4538/3774 | 1.19 | 0.98 | 1.44 | 77.97 | <0.001 | 0.36 | updated |
All in HWE | 19 | 4306/3564 | 1.24 | 1.02 | 1.51 | 77.68 | 0.00 | 0.20 | |||
NOS3 | rs869109213 | 2 | 354/444 | 1.47 | 1.11 | 1.95 | 0.00 | 0.95 | na | updated | |
All in HWE | 2 | na | |||||||||
Healthy Controls versus Cases | |||||||||||
ACE | I > D | rs4646994 | 30 | 3690/4927 | 1.24 | 1.02 | 1.52 | 83.20 | 0.00 | 0.03 | [13] |
All in HWE | I > D | 29 | 3283/4695 | 1.26 | 1.02 | 1.55 | 82.87 | 0.00 | 0.01 | ||
NOS3 | T-786C | rs2070744 | 9 | 1583/2142 | 1.42 | 1.13 | 1.77 | 58.00 | 0.01 | 0.84 | updated |
All in HWE | 8 | 1516/2042 | 1.41 | 1.11 | 1.79 | 63.04 | 0.01 | 0.80 | |||
NOS3 | G894T | rs1799983 | 11 | 2295/2737 | 1.64 | 1.21 | 2.22 | 82.07 | <0.001 | 0.11 | updated |
All in HWE | 10 | 2247/2467 | 1.55 | 1.14 | 2.11 | 82.40 | <0.001 | 0.21 | |||
NOS3 | rs869109213 | 2 | 354/444 | 1.52 | 1.12 | 2.06 | 17.59 | 0.27 | na | updated | |
All in HWE | 2 | ||||||||||
TGFB1 | T869C | rs1800470 | 6 | 814/1450 | 1.30 | 0.86 | 1.96 | 83.64 | 0 | 0.18 | |
All in HWE | 4 | 706/1103 | 1.73 | 1.46 | 2.04 | 0 | 0.41 | 0.21 | |||
Healthy Controls versus Diseased Controls versus Cases | |||||||||||
IL6 | G(−174)C | rs1800795 | 2 | 90/234/212 | 1.44 | 1.10 | 1.89 | 0.00 | 0.42 | na | updated |
All in HWE | 1 | ||||||||||
NOS3 | T-786C | rs2070744 | 5 | 1307/1117/1451 | 1.29 | 1.17 | 1.43 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.46 | updated |
All in HWE | 4 | 1240/1080/1351 | 1.29 | 1.16 | 1.43 | 3.59 | 0.37 | 0.51 | |||
NOS3 | G894T | rs1799983 | 8 | 1506/1255/1642 | 1.28 | 1.05 | 1.56 | 70.00 | 0.01 | 0.32 | updated |
All in HWE | 7 | 1.35 | 1.17 | 1.56 | 40.52 | 0.12 | 0.41 | ||||
NOS3 | rs869109213 | 2 | 354/444/515 | 1.30 | 1.04 | 1.63 | 30.45 | 0.23 | na | updated | |
All in HWE | 2 |
GENE | Variant | RS | Studies (n) | Cases/ Controls (n) | RE OR | 95% LL | 95% UL | I2 (%) | PQ | PE | Current Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diseased Controls versus Cases | |||||||||||
EDN1 | rs1794849 | 3 | 1176/1323 | 1.16 | 1.02 | 1.31 | 0 | 0.62 | 0.08 | [13] | |
FLT4 | rs2242221 | 3 | 1176/1323 | 1.14 | 1.01 | 1.29 | 0 | 0.38 | 0.43 | [13] | |
IGF2/INS/TH cluster | rs1004446 | 3 | 1176/1323 | 1.16 | 1.03 | 1.31 | 0 | 0.49 | 0.22 | [13] | |
IGF2/INS/TH cluster | rs4320932 | 3 | 1176/1323 | 0.84 | 0.73 | 0.96 | 0 | 0.43 | 0.06 | [13] | |
VEGFA | C > A | rs2146323 | 3 | 1176/1323 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 0.2 | 0.2 | [13] | |
Healthy Controls versus Cases | |||||||||||
IL12RB1 | rs372889 | 2 | 1674/1719 | 1.243 | 1.130 | 1.367 | 0 | 0.567 | - | new |
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Tziastoudi, M.; Theoharides, T.C.; Nikolaou, E.; Efthymiadi, M.; Eleftheriadis, T.; Stefanidis, I. Key Genetic Components of Fibrosis in Diabetic Nephropathy: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 15331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315331
Tziastoudi M, Theoharides TC, Nikolaou E, Efthymiadi M, Eleftheriadis T, Stefanidis I. Key Genetic Components of Fibrosis in Diabetic Nephropathy: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):15331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315331
Chicago/Turabian StyleTziastoudi, Maria, Theoharis C. Theoharides, Evdokia Nikolaou, Maria Efthymiadi, Theodoros Eleftheriadis, and Ioannis Stefanidis. 2022. "Key Genetic Components of Fibrosis in Diabetic Nephropathy: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 15331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315331