Whole-Head Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as an Ecological Monitoring Tool for Assessing Cortical Activity in Parkinson’s Disease Patients at Different Stages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Patient Data Characterization
2.2. Group-Level Activation Maps
2.3. ROI-Based Correlation Analysis
2.4. fNIRS Results’ Interpretation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants
- age between 18 and 85 years (adult and older adult);
- agreement to participate, with signature on the informed consent form;
- presence of comorbidities that might determine clinical instability (i.e., severe orthopedic or severe cognitive deficits);
- overlapping between PD and other neurological pathologies or by PD with severe psychiatric complications, based on a pathological score in a screening test for cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment test—MoCA test < 17.54 [47])
4.2. Clinical Charaterization and Neuropsychological Assesment
4.3. fNIRS Assessment
4.4. Pre-Processing and Subject-Level Statistics of the fNIRS Data
4.5. Group-Level Statistics of fNIRS data
4.6. ROI-Based Correlation Analysis between fNIRS and Clinical Variables
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ePD (N = 13) Mean (SE) | mPD (N = 26) Mean (SE) | ePD vs. mPD (dof, p) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 63.519 (1.6549) | 71.676 (1.3652) | 55.5 (37, <0.001) (**) |
Sex | M/F 6/7 (46.15%) | M/F 14/12 (53.85%) | - |
Handedness | R/L 12/1 (92.31%) | R/L 26/0 (100%) | - |
Education | 13.308 (1.0824) | 11.423 (0.7425) | 1.4508 (37, 0.155) (*) |
CRIQ | 131.385 (6.1899) | 122.577 (3.8021) | 1.272 (37, 0.211) (*) |
Disease duration | 2.903 (0.8005) | 5.049 (0.4695) | 87 (37, 0.014) (**) |
HY | 1.423 (0.0521) | 2.327 (0.0731) | - |
UPDRS | 16.077 (1.5626) | 35.654 (2.3993) | −5.4598 (37, <0.001) (*) |
LEDD | 405.385 (56.430) | 538.961 (44.282) | 1.797 (37, 0.08) (*) |
MOCA | 25.162 (0.798) | 23.764 (0.536) | −1.479 (37, 0.148) |
SCWE | 9.083 (3.2543) | 8.88 (1.6677) | 132.5 (35, 0.58) (**) |
SCWT | 12.693 (2.4129) | 18.716 (3.1002) | 105 (34, 0.196) (**) |
EQ5D5L | 0.841 (0.0321) | 0.754 (0.0248) | 96.5 (37, 0.031) **) |
ROI | Type | Contrast | Beta | T | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ePD | mPD | ePD | mPD | ePD | mPD | |||
L-SMN | Left Grasp | 0.046 | −0.056 | 1.499 | −2.748 | 0.136 | 0.007 (*) | |
Right Grasp | 0.326 | 0.246 | 10.837 | 12.321 | 0.000 (*) | 0.000 (*) | ||
Right Grasp | −0.241 | −0.203 | −15.762 | −22.111 | 0.000 (*) | 0.000 (*) | ||
R-SMN | Left Grasp | 0.283 | 0.229 | 8.972 | 13.543 | 0.000 (*) | 0.000 (*) | |
Left Grasp | −0.203 | −0.161 | −13.815 | −19.861 | 0.000 (*) | 0.000 (*) | ||
R-VIS1 | Left Grasp | 0.007 | −0.037 | 0.437 | −3.348 | 0.663 | 0.001 (*) | |
Right Grasp | −0.033 | −0.006 | −2.046 | −0.549 | 0.043 | 0.584 | ||
L-VIS2 | Left Grasp | 0.009 | −0.017 | 0.877 | −2.518 | 0.382 | 0.013 (*) | |
Right Grasp | 0.047 | −0.037 | 2.112 | −2.480 | 0.036 | 0.014 | ||
R-VIS2 | Left Grasp | 0.013 | −0.035 | 1.099 | −4.558 | 0.273 | 0.000 (*) | |
L-PFC2 | Left Grasp | 0.064 | 0.067 | 2.067 | 3.150 | 0.040 | 0.002 (*) | |
Left Grasp | −0.040 | −0.017 | −2.510 | −1.647 | 0.013 | 0.102 | ||
Right Grasp | −0.049 | −0.027 | −3.106 | −2.588 | 0.002 (*) | 0.011 (*) | ||
R-PFC2 | Left Grasp | 0.014 | 0.037 | 0.464 | 2.024 | 0.643 | 0.045 | |
Left Grasp | −0.062 | −0.017 | −4.678 | −1.916 | 0.000 (*) | 0.057 | ||
Right Grasp | 0.080 | 0.033 | 2.653 | 1.823 | 0.009 (*) | 0.070 | ||
Right Grasp | −0.067 | −0.009 | −5.069 | −0.994 | 0.000 (*) | 0.322 | ||
L-PFC1 | Left Grasp | 0.042 | 0.030 | 2.107 | 2.245 | 0.037 | 0.026 | |
Left Grasp | −0.029 | −0.015 | −3.008 | −2.470 | 0.003 (*) | 0.015 | ||
Right Grasp | −0.040 | −0.029 | −4.168 | −4.732 | 0.000 (*) | 0.000 (*) | ||
R-PFC1 | Left Grasp | −0.047 | −0.024 | −5.297 | −4.238 | 0.000 (*) | 0.000 (*) | |
Right Grasp | 0.045 | 0.018 | 2.253 | 1.402 | 0.026 | 0.163 | ||
Right Grasp | −0.034 | −0.027 | −3.905 | −4.701 | 0.000 (*) | 0.000 (*) |
ROI | Type | Contrast | Beta | SE | T | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-SMN | Left Grasp | 0.102 | 0.037 | 2.768 | 0.006 | 0.029 | |
Right Grasp | 0.080 | 0.036 | 2.228 | 0.027 | 0.088 | ||
Right Grasp | −0.038 | 0.018 | −2.120 | 0.036 | 0.103 | ||
R-SMN | Left Grasp | −0.041 | 0.017 | −2.452 | 0.015 | 0.054 | |
R-VIS1 | Left Grasp | 0.044 | 0.020 | 2.223 | 0.028 | 0.088 | |
L-VIS2 | Left Grasp | 0.026 | 0.012 | 2.112 | 0.036 | 0.103 | |
Right Grasp | 0.084 | 0.027 | 3.129 | 0.002 | 0.012 | ||
R-VIS2 | Left Grasp | 0.048 | 0.014 | 3.377 | 0.001 | 0.006 | |
R-PFC2 | Left Grasp | −0.046 | 0.016 | −2.880 | 0.005 | 0.022 | |
Right Grasp | −0.058 | 0.016 | −3.706 | 0.000 | 0.002 | ||
R-PFC1 | Left Grasp | −0.022 | 0.011 | −2.119 | 0.036 | 0.103 |
Contrast | ROI | Age | CRIQ | Disease Duration | UPDRS | SCWE | SCWT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Right Grasp Δ[HbO2] | R-VIS1 | 0.077 (0.639) | −0.083 (0.617) | −0.397 (0.012) | −0.035 (0.832) | 0.162 (0.338) | 0.005 (0.976) |
R-VIS2 | −0.156 (0.343) | −0.009 (0.956) | −0.366 (0.022) | −0.388 (0.015) | −0.063 (0.711) | −0.174 (0.311) | |
Left Grasp Δ[HbO2] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Right Grasp Δ[HbR] | R-VIS1 | 0.159 (0.334) | −0.159 (0.333) | −0.29 (0.073) | 0.04 (0.81) | 0.371 (0.024) | −0.047 (0.787) |
L-SMN | 0.441 (0.005) | −0.059 (0.72) | 0.241 (0.139) | 0.22 (0.179) | −0.049 (0.773) | 0.248 (0.145) | |
L-PFC2 | 0.275 (0.091) | −0.027 (0.873) | 0.05 (0.762) | 0.142 (0.388) | 0.245 (0.144) | 0.476 (0.003) | |
R-PFC2 | 0.394 (0.013) | −0.236 (0.149) | −0.056 (0.734) | 0.192 (0.241) | 0.539 (<0.001) | 0.144 (0.403) | |
L-PFC1 | 0.193 (0.239) | −0.1 (0.546) | 0.006 (0.969) | 0.208 (0.205) | 0.057 (0.736) | 0.354 (0.034) | |
R-PFC1 | 0.329 (0.041) | −0.18 (0.274) | 0.001 (0.998) | 0.184 (0.263) | 0.464 (0.004) | 0.167 (0.33) | |
Left Grasp Δ[HbR] | L-VIS2 | −0.366 (0.022) | 0.259 (0.112) | −0.217 (0.185) | −0.19 (0.248) | 0.13 (0.442) | 0.138 (0.421) |
L-SMN | 0.152 (0.356) | −0.531 (<0.001) | 0.091 (0.583) | 0.071 (0.666) | 0.284 (0.089) | −0.057 (0.743) | |
R-SMN | 0.345 (0.031) | −0.137 (0.405) | 0.242 (0.138) | 0.185 (0.26) | 0.132 (0.437) | 0.184 (0.282) | |
L-PFC2 | 0.456 (0.004) | −0.145 (0.377) | 0.259 (0.111) | 0.335 (0.037) | 0.067 (0.693) | −0.016 (0.925) | |
R-PFC2 | 0.115 (0.486) | 0.01 (0.953) | 0.138 (0.402) | 0.208 (0.204) | 0.252 (0.132) | 0.394 (0.017) | |
R-PFC1 | 0.047 (0.777) | −0.024 (0.886) | 0.168 (0.307) | 0.2 (0.222) | 0.214 (0.203) | 0.398 (0.016) |
Contrast | ROI | CRIQtotal | Disease Duration | UPDRS | SCWE | SCWT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Right Grasp Δ[HbO2] | R-VIS1 | −0.064 (0.704) | −0.41 (0.011) | −0.088 (0.6) | 0.158 (0.359) | −0.011 (0.95) |
R-VIS2 | −0.055 (0.742) | −0.355 (0.029) | −0.363 (0.025) | 0.006 (0.971) | −0.147 (0.4) | |
Left Grasp Δ[HbO2] | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Right Grasp Δ[HbR] | R-VIS1 | −0.121 (0.468) | −0.314 (0.055) | −0.05 (0.765) | 0.347 (0.038) | −0.084 (0.63) |
L-PFC2 | 0.054 (0.748) | 0.02 (0.903) | 0 (0.999) | 0.147 (0.391) | 0.448 (0.007) | |
R-PFC2 | −0.143 (0.392) | −0.11 (0.512) | −0.014 (0.932) | 0.457 (0.005) | 0.073 (0.675) | |
L-PFC1 | −0.049 (0.771) | −0.016 (0.926) | 0.128 (0.442) | −0.018 (0.919) | 0.318 (0.063) (*) | |
R-PFC1 | −0.097 (0.561) | −0.039 (0.818) | 0.017 (0.919) | 0.382 (0.022) | 0.106 (0.543) | |
Left Grasp Δ[HbR] | L-SMN | −0.515 (<0.001) | 0.075 (0.654) | −0.008 (0.961) | 0.259 (0.127) | −0.075 (0.67) |
L-PFC2 | −0.022 (0.897) | 0.236 (0.154) | 0.131 (0.433) (*) | −0.105 (0.544) | −0.102 (0.559) | |
R-PFC2 | 0.044 (0.795) | 0.127 (0.447) | 0.175 (0.294) | 0.218 (0.202) | 0.381 (0.024) | |
R-PFC1 | −0.01 1 (0.947) | 0.164 (0.326) | 0.206 (0.215) | 0.205 (0.231) | 0.399 (0.018) |
N | Mean (SE) | Skewness (SE) | Kurtosis (SE) | Shapiro–Wilk W (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
age | 39 | 68.957 (1.2226) | −0.538 (0.378) | −0.706 (0.741) | 0.944 (0.051) |
sex | M/F 20/19 (51.28%) | - | - | - | - |
handedness | R/L 38/1 (97.44%) | - | - | - | - |
education | 39 | 12.051 (0.6212) | 0.179 (0.378) | −0.389 (0.741) | 0.94 (0.038) |
CRIQ | 39 | 125.513 (3.2905) | −0.439 (0.378) | −0.231 (0.741) | 0.958 (0.154) |
disease duration | 39 | 4.333 (0.4371) | 0.467 (0.378) | −0.223 (0.741) | 0.964 (0.244) |
HY | 39 | 2.026 (0.0861) | 0.162 (0.378) | −0.623 (0.741) | 0.913 (0.005) |
UPDRS | 39 | 29.128 (2.2412) | 0.574 (0.378) | −0.145 (0.741) | 0.954 (0.114) |
MOCA | 39 | 24.23 (0.45) | 0.088 (0.378) | −0.344 (0.741) | 0.982 (0.768) |
LEDD | 39 | 494.436 (36.05) | 0.839 (0.378) | 1.565 (0.741) | 0.947 (0.065) |
SCWE | 37 | 8.946 (1.5174) | 0.922 (0.388) | −0.397 (0.759) | 0.855 (<0.001) |
SCWT | 36 | 16.708 (2.2474) | 1.995 (0.393) | 6.544 (0.768) | 0.844 (<0.001) |
EQ5D5L | 39 | 0.783 (0.0205) | −0.726 (0.378) | 0.194 (0.741) | 0.944 (0.051) |
Functional Label | Functional Areas | Anatomical Areas |
---|---|---|
L-SMN/R-SMN | BA1–2–3–4 | Sensorimotor Network |
L-VIS1/R-VIS1 | BA17 | Visual Network 1 (Occipital Cortex) |
L-VIS2/R-VIS2 | BA18–19 | Visual Network 2 (Occipital Cortex) |
L-PFC1/R-PFC1 | BA46–9 | Prefronatal Cortex 1 (Dorsolateral) |
L-PFC2/R-PFC2 | BA45–47 | Prefronatal Cortex 2 (Ventrolateral) |
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Bonilauri, A.; Sangiuliano Intra, F.; Rossetto, F.; Borgnis, F.; Baselli, G.; Baglio, F. Whole-Head Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as an Ecological Monitoring Tool for Assessing Cortical Activity in Parkinson’s Disease Patients at Different Stages. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314897
Bonilauri A, Sangiuliano Intra F, Rossetto F, Borgnis F, Baselli G, Baglio F. Whole-Head Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as an Ecological Monitoring Tool for Assessing Cortical Activity in Parkinson’s Disease Patients at Different Stages. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314897
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonilauri, Augusto, Francesca Sangiuliano Intra, Federica Rossetto, Francesca Borgnis, Giuseppe Baselli, and Francesca Baglio. 2022. "Whole-Head Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as an Ecological Monitoring Tool for Assessing Cortical Activity in Parkinson’s Disease Patients at Different Stages" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314897