Enhanced Acetaminophen Electrochemical Sensing Based on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Morpho-Structural Material Characterization
2.2. Electrochemical Analysis
2.2.1. Modified Electrode Surface Area Determination
2.2.2. Acetaminophen Electrochemical Behavior at the Surface of exf-NGr/GCE
2.2.3. Calibration Curve and Limit of Detection
2.2.4. Reproducibility, Accuracy, Stability, and Interference Effects
2.2.5. Real Sample Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents
3.2. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Exfoliated Graphenes
3.3. Instruments
3.4. Electrochemical Experiments
3.4.1. Preparation of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene-Modified Electrodes (exf-NGr/GCE)
3.4.2. Electrochemical Setup
3.4.3. Preparation of Working Solutions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2θ | D | d | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FLG | 21.76 | 13.28 | 4.08 | 3.25 | 76.43 |
MLG | 26.45 | 93.06 | 3.37 | 27.61 | 23.57 |
Modified Electrode | Method | Linear Range (µM) | LOD (µM) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
MWCNTs-GNS/GCE MWCNTs-GNS—multiwalled carbon nanotubes-graphene nanosheet nanocomposite GCE—glassy carbon electrode | DPV | 90–112 | 9 | [68] |
MWCNT-β-CD/GCE MWCNT-β-CD—multiwalled carbon nanotubes-β-cyclodextrin GCE—glassy carbon electrode | DPV | 0.05–1 1–300 | 0.0115 | [30] |
MoS2@NHCSsx/GCE MoS2@NHCSs—nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres wrapped with MoS2 nanosheets GCE—glassy carbon electrode | DPV | 0.05–20 | 0.02 | [69] |
PCA@Zn/Ni-ZIF-8–800/GCE PCA@Zn/Ni-ZIF-8–800—poly caffeic acid (PCA)-Metal-organic frameworks Zn/Ni-ZIF-8–800 GCE—glassy carbon electrode | DPV | 0.08–1000 | 0.029 | [70] |
Cr-SBC/GCE Cr-SBC—poly(chromium Schiff base complex) GCE—glassy carbon electrode | DPV | 0.008–0.125 | 0.0056 | [71] |
PEDOT/GCE PEDOT—poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) GCE—glassy carbon electrode | DPV | 1–100 | 0.4 | [72] |
GO-Y/CPE GO-Y CPE—carbon paste electrode | DPV | 7–400 | 1.45 | [32] |
CNTs/SPCE CNTs—carbon nanotubes SPCE—screen-printed electrode | CV | 2.5–1000 | 0.1 | [73] |
BDDE BDDE—boron-doped diamond electrode | CV | 10–100 | 0.97 | [74] |
MWCNT-BPVCM/GCE MWCNT-BPVCM—branched amphiphilic photo-sensitive and electroactive polymer-multiwalled carbon nanotubes hybrid GCE—glassy carbon electrode | CV | 5–1000 | 3.5 | [75] |
Graphene/GCE GCE—glassy carbon electrode | CV | 0.1–20 | 0.032 | [76] |
GI/GCE GI—graphene ink GCE—glassy carbon electrode | CV | 10–500 | 2.7 | [77] |
PDDA-GR/GCE PDDA-GR—poly(diallyl- dimethylammonium chloride) functionalized graphene GCE—glassy carbon electrode | CV | 20–200 | 0.221 | [78] |
GO/GCE GO—graphene oxide GCE—glassy carbon electrode | SWV | 0.05–1 | 0.049 | [79] |
EFTAG/CPE EFTAG—ethyl 2-(4-ferrocenyl-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)-graphene CPE—carbon paste electrode | SWV | 1–150 | 0.5 | [80] |
BDDE BDDE—boron-doped diamond electrode | SWV | 2.99–283 | 0.768 | [81] |
RGO-CB-CTS/GCE RGO-CB-CTS—reduced graphene oxide-carbon black-chitosan GCE—glassy carbon electrode | SWV | 2.8–19 | 0.053 | [82] |
FeS/rGO/GCE FeS/rGO—FeS anchored reduced graphene oxide nanosheets GCE—glassy carbon electrode | Amperometry | 2–8 | 0.1 | [83] |
Ni-Al-HCF LDH/GCE Ni-Al-HCF LDH—Ni-Al-hexacyanoferrate (III)-layered double hydroxides GCE—glassy carbon electrode | Amperometry | 3–1500 | 0.8 | [84] |
Protonated g-C3N4/CTS-GCE Protonated g-C3N4 /CTS graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets GCE—glassy carbon electrode | Amperometry | 1.7–2020 | 0.15 | [85] |
RGO-gold dendrite/GCE RGO-gold dendrite—reduced graphene oxide-supported gold dendrite GCE—glassy carbon electrode | Amperometry | 0.07–3000 | 0.005 | [86] |
GrNF/GCE GrNF—graphene nanoflakes GCE—glassy carbon electrode | Amperometry | 0.001–150 | 0.004 | [87] |
exf-NGr/GCE | Amperometry | 0.009–28.8 | 0.003 | current work |
exf-NGr/GCE | CV | 0.1–100 | 0.03 | current work |
Tablet (500 mg AMP/Tablet) Analyzed Solution Concentration 13.2 µM | Detected AMP Content (µM) | * Recovery (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
CV | UV-Vis | ||
Brand 1 | 12.9 | 14.1 | 97.72 |
Brand 2 | 12.6 | 13.7 | 95.45 |
Brand 3 | 11.18 | 13.3 | 84.69 |
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Magerusan, L.; Pogacean, F.; Pruneanu, S. Enhanced Acetaminophen Electrochemical Sensing Based on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314866
Magerusan L, Pogacean F, Pruneanu S. Enhanced Acetaminophen Electrochemical Sensing Based on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314866
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagerusan, Lidia, Florina Pogacean, and Stela Pruneanu. 2022. "Enhanced Acetaminophen Electrochemical Sensing Based on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314866