Perinatal Stem Cell Therapy to Treat Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Never-Say-Die Story of Differentiation and Immunomodulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Perinatal Cells
2.1. Amniotic Epithelial Cells (AECs)
2.1.1. Differentiating Potential of AECs
2.1.2. Immunomodulatory Capacity of AECs
2.2. Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (WJ-MSCs)
2.2.1. Differentiating Potential of WJ-MSCs
2.2.2. Immunomodulatory Capacity of WJ-MSCs
2.2.3. Co-Culture Strategies Based on WJ-MSCs
2.3. Other Sources of Perinatal Cells
2.3.1. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells (AFSCs)
2.3.2. Amniotic Membrane Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AM-MSCs)
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Immunomodulation Activity | AESC | WJ-MSC | AFSC | AM-MSC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inhibiting the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells | [137,138] | [139] | [133] | |
Reducing of the activation of dendritic cells | [62] | [140] | [134] | |
Reducing B cell activation | [62] | [141] | ||
Anti-proliferative effect on activated PBMC | [21,74] | [142] | [128] | |
[143,144] | [142] | |||
Promoting the anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) of macrophage populations | [145] | [146] | [129,130] | |
Reducing T lymphocytes proliferation | [75,138] | [81,115,140] | [133] | [133] |
In vivo allogenic transplantation | [37,51,75,147] | [84,85,99,112] | ||
Increased expression of: TGF-β1, IL-6, TSG-6, PGE-2 | [148] | [112,140] | ||
Secretion of EVs | [115,149] | [115] | ||
Secretion of: IL-10, PGE2, hyaluronic acid | [112,140] | |||
Expression of HLA Ib | [57,58,59] | [81] | ||
Expression of migration inhibitor factor (MIF) | [62] | |||
Differentiation capacity | AECs | WJ-MSCs | AFSCs | AM-MSCs |
Expression of pluripotency markers: NANOG, OCT-4, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA1-60, TRA1-80 | [34] | [150] | [151] | [152] |
Pancreatic-endodermic lineage | [18,43,45] | [95,102,106,153] | [154] | [135,136] |
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Paris, F.; Pizzuti, V.; Marrazzo, P.; Pession, A.; Alviano, F.; Bonsi, L. Perinatal Stem Cell Therapy to Treat Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Never-Say-Die Story of Differentiation and Immunomodulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314597
Paris F, Pizzuti V, Marrazzo P, Pession A, Alviano F, Bonsi L. Perinatal Stem Cell Therapy to Treat Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Never-Say-Die Story of Differentiation and Immunomodulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314597
Chicago/Turabian StyleParis, Francesca, Valeria Pizzuti, Pasquale Marrazzo, Andrea Pession, Francesco Alviano, and Laura Bonsi. 2022. "Perinatal Stem Cell Therapy to Treat Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Never-Say-Die Story of Differentiation and Immunomodulation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314597