Delivery of Theranostic Nanoparticles to Various Cancers by Means of Integrin-Binding Peptides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Integrin Receptors
3. Integrin-Binding Peptides
3.1. General Overview of Integrin-Binding Peptides
3.2. Development of Integrin-Binding Peptides
4. Conjugation Strategies for Integrin-Binding Peptides
5. Integrin-Binding Peptides as Targeting Moieties in Nanoparticle Formulations
5.1. Lipid-Based Particles: Liposomes and Micelles
5.2. Metallic Nanoparticles
5.2.1. Quantum Dots
5.2.2. Gold Nanoparticles
5.2.3. Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.3. Selenium Nanoparticles
5.4. Other Types of Nanoparticles
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peptide | Sequence 1 | Binding Integrin | Cancer Type | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
RGD, (RGD)4 | RGD, RGDRGDRGDRGDPGC | αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, αvβ8, α5β1, α8β1, αIIbβ3 | Broad spectrum antagonist with sub-micromolar binding affinity | [21,22] |
Cilengitide® 2 | cyclo(-RGDfV-), end-to-end cyclized | αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ5 | Supportive therapy for breast cancer therapy, glioblastoma, pancreatic cancer | [38,39] |
iRGD (Internalizing RGD) | cyclo(-CRGDKGPDC-)-amide | αvβ3, αvβ5 | Prostate, breast, pancreas, and colon cancers; glioma; bone metastasis | [40,41] |
cyclo[RGDfK(C-ε-6-aminocaproic acid)] | cyclo(-RGDfK-), C-ε-6-aminocaproic acid coupled to the Lysine side chain | αvβ3, αvβ5 | Pancreatic cancer and glioblastoma | [42,43,44,45,46] |
cyclo-(-FRGDLAFpP-) | cyclo(-FRGDLAFpP-), end-to-end cyclized | αvβ6 | Colon, lung, cervix, breast, ovaries and fallopian tube, pancreas, head and neck cancers | [47] |
cyclo-(-GLRGDLpP-) | cyclo(-GLRGDLpP-), end-to-end cyclized | αvβ8 | Human melanoma, glioblastomas, ovarian carcinomas | [48] |
LDV | cyclo(-GLVD-BTD), cyclo(-SlDVP-), end-to-end cyclized, cyclo(-CWLDVC) | α4β1, α4β7 | Leukemia, melanoma. Mainly used in infectious disease studies | [49,50,51,52,53] |
ATN-161 | Ac-PHSCN-NH2 | α5β1, αvβ3 | Advanced solid tumors typical for breast cancer, prostate carcinoma, glioma; metastasis of colon cancer in liver | [54,55,56,57,58,59] |
PhScN | Ac-PhScN-NH2 | α5β1, αvβ3 | The same as its predecessor. Demonstrates lower IC50 in breast cancer model | [57] |
ALOS-4 | cyclo(-CSSAGSLFC-) | αvβ3 | Melanoma, glioma, prostate, and breast cancers | [23,60] |
C16Y | DFKLFAVYIKYR | αvβ3, α5β1 | Ovarian cancer, breast cancer | [11,15] |
YSNSG | cyclo(-YSNSG-) | αvβ3 | Solid tumors, melanoma | [61,62,63] |
VLA4pep | YCPDC | α4β1 | Multiple myeloma disease | [64,65] |
GFOGER | GFOGER | α2β1, α11β1, α1β1, α10β1 | Mainly used in cell adhesion studies of breast cancer cells | [18,66] |
IKVAV | IKVAV | α3β1, α6β1 | Mainly used in cell adhesion studies of breast cancer cells | [66,67,68] |
AG86 | LGGLPSHYRARNI | α6β4 | HPV-18 positive cervical cancer | [69] |
PR_b | SSPHSRNSGSGSGSG-SGRGDSP | α5β1 | Prostate cancer | [19,70] |
A20(FMDV2) | NAVPNLRGDLQVLA-QKVART | αvβ6 | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer | [71,72] |
Peptide | Type of AuNPs | Observed Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
cycloRGD | AuNCs (1.7–2.7 nm size range) | Higher affinity towards αvβ3 was observed for targeting AuNCs. A PEG spacer between the peptide and the AuNC surface was crucial for enhanced tumor accumulation. However, no significant therapeutic effect was described, possibly due to the flawed NP design. | [125,130,159] |
RGD | AuNPs (29, 51, and 80 nm in diameter) | The 29 nm AuNPs showed higher tumor accumulation, longer plasma half-life than larger AuNPs. | [160] |
RGD | AuNPs (10 nm in diameter) | These smaller AuNPs showed similar tumor accumulation as the 29 nm AuNPs from [149]. | [161] |
(RGD)4 | AuNPs (30 nm in diameter) | In in vitro PPTT cell death mechanisms depended on the laser type and dosage. Lower energy continuous wave (cw) laser treatment led to apoptosis, while higher energy cw laser treatment led to necrosis. | [162] |
(RGD)4 | AuNRs (25 by 6 nm) | This targeted PPTT mainly induced inhibition of Rho GTPases, actin, microtubule, and kinase-related signaling pathways. | [131,163] |
cycloRGD | AuNRs (50 by 15 nm in [164]; 55 by 15 nm in [165]) | These AuNRs were used for DOX or paclitaxel co-delivery. This strategy combined effects of chemo-phototherapy, active targeting of tumors, and multiple stimuli-responsive drug release. | [164,165] |
cycloRGD | AuNSs | These AuNSs showed high photothermal conversion efficiency producing a 24.2 °C increase in the tumor area temperature. A single treatment was sufficient to completely inhibit the tumor progression for at least two weeks. | [166] |
RGD | AuNSs | This treatment caused caspase-dependent apoptosis in HepG2 cells, signs of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, loss of lysosomal membrane integrity, and enhanced autophagy. Tumor temperature increased by ~20 °C during the PPTT treatment, comparably set up as in the above-mentioned study. | [30] |
(RGD)4 | AuNPs (20 nm in diameter) | Combined radiotherapy with these AuNPs resulted in significant downregulation of fibronectin signaling by 50%. This phenomenon was accompanied by serious suppression of invasive activity by 67% compared to radiotherapy alone. | [167] |
isoDGR | AuNPs (25 nm in diameter) | This multicomponent system comprised a gold core, cytokines IL-12 and/or TNF, and DOX. The synergistic effect was explained by affected endothelial permeability due to the isoDRG-peptide integrin-mediated uptake, and consequential reduction in drug penetration barriers. Presence of the cytokines was to trigger a reaction from immunocompetent cells directed towards the tumor. The results suggest that the displayed TNF played a more important role in the studied tumor inhibition than the displayed IL-12. | [128,142] |
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Egorova, E.A.; Nikitin, M.P. Delivery of Theranostic Nanoparticles to Various Cancers by Means of Integrin-Binding Peptides. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 13735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213735
Egorova EA, Nikitin MP. Delivery of Theranostic Nanoparticles to Various Cancers by Means of Integrin-Binding Peptides. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(22):13735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213735
Chicago/Turabian StyleEgorova, Elena A., and Maxim P. Nikitin. 2022. "Delivery of Theranostic Nanoparticles to Various Cancers by Means of Integrin-Binding Peptides" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22: 13735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213735