Short-Term Supplementation of Sodium Nitrate vs. Sodium Chloride Increases Homoarginine Synthesis in Young Men Independent of Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Baseline Plasma Concentrations
2.2. Effect of Nitrate Supplementation on Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Concentrations
2.3. Effect of Supplementation on Plasma Amino Acids Concentrations
2.4. Effect of Supplementation on the Equilibrium Constants of the AGAT-Catalyzed Reactions Producing Guanidinoacetate and Homoarginine
2.5. Effect of Supplementation and Exercise on the Equilibrium Constants in Each Volunteer and at Each Exercise Timepoint
2.6. Effects of Supplementation and Exercise on Plasma Creatinine in Each Volunteer and at Each Exercise Timepoint
2.7. Effects of Supplementation and Exercise on Plasma Malondialdehyde and Potassium Ions
2.8. Multivariate Analyses
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Subjects
4.2. Sodium Nitrate and Sodium Chloride Supplementation
4.3. Physical Exercise and Blood Sampling
4.4. Biochemical GC–MS Analyses in Plasma Samples
4.5. Calculation of Equilibrium Constants
4.6. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analyte | NaCl Group (PL) | NaNO3 Group (N) | D (%) (N − PL) | p b Value | AUC-ROC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alanine | 477 [414–544] | 420 [502–568] | −12 | 0.3352 | 0.55 |
Threonine | 143 [114–161] | 129 [110–148] | −10 | 0.0626 | 0.60 |
Glycine | 250 [234–279] | 258 [214–299] | +3 | 0.4175 | 0.54 |
Valine | 280 [261–319] | 277 [238–326] | −1 | 0.5982 | 0.53 |
Serine | 149 [128–175] | 144 [128–176] | −3 | 0.8966 | 0.51 |
Sarcosine | 1.87 [1.40–2.34] | 1.35 [1.11–1.79] | −28 | <0.0001 | 0.73 |
Leucine/isoleucine | 217 [195–252] | 215 [197–246] | −1 | 0.7005 | 0.52 |
Guanidinoacetate | 3.85 [2.77–4.52] | 3.56 [3.09–4.18] | −8 | 0.7751 | 0.52 |
Asparagine/aspartate | 69.8 [62.2–76.1] | 67.7 [59.4–77.2] | −3 | 0.4795 | 0.54 |
Hydroxy-proline | 10.8 [7.26–20.1] | 11.3 [9.51–14.0] | +4 | 0.4870 | 0.54 |
Proline | 247 [203–290] | 253 [236–304] | +2 | 0.1761 | 0.57 |
Methionine | 52.2 [44.0–75.1] | 51.7 [45.4–84.1] | −1 | 0.7153 | 0.52 |
Glutamine/glutamate | 787 [732–855] | 836 [800–905] | +6 | 0.0003 | 0.69 |
Ornithine/citrulline | 49.8 [46.2–58.0] | 59.6 [49.4–67.5] | +16 | 0.0152 | 0.63 |
Phenylalanine | 68.9 [62.3–72.2] | 63.6 [56.3–69.6] | −8 | 0.0026 | 0.66 |
Tyrosine | 69.1 [56.4–78.1] | 59.7 [52.7–63.7] | −14 | 0.0051 | 0.65 |
Lysine | 201 [147–217] | 179 [162–214] | −11 | 0.2967 | 0.56 |
Arginine | 98.6 [86.6–112.4] | 103 [85.5–114] | +14 | 0.9796 | 0.50 |
Homoarginine | 1.27 [1.06–1.68] | 1.68 [1.16–1.97] | +24 | 0.0001 | 0.70 |
Tryptophan | 44.3 [37.8–51.0] | 40.8 [35.4–45.2] | −8 | 0.0047 | 0.65 |
ADMA | 0.42 [0.38–0.50] | 0.44 [0.38–0.49] | +5 | 0.8088 | 0.51 |
GABR | 1.89 [1.63–2.09] | 1.81 [1.47–2.10] | −4 | 0.0921 | 0.59 |
Creatinine | 118 [97–127] | 106 [91–141] | −10 | 0.4533 | 0.58 |
Malondialdehyde | 0.319 [0.294–0.415] | 0.284 [0.236–0.351] | −10 | 0.0002 | 0.693 |
Potassium | 4.63 [4.37–4.86] | 4.50 [4.29–4.71] | −3 | 0.023 | 0.605 |
Nitrite | 0.88 [0.14–1.06] | 1.47 [1.26–1.80] | +40 | <0.0001 | 0.951 |
Nitrate | 35.5 [26.7–67.7] | 263 [170–306] | +640 | <0.0001 | 0.866 |
Nitrate/nitrite ratio (PNOx) | 56.4 [309–203] | 130 [50–227] | +57 | 0.0478 | 0.605 |
Kgaa (×1000) | 6.9 [6.1–8.6] | 7.7 [6.7–9.4] | +11 | 0.0334 | 0.614 |
Kharg (×1000) | 3.5 [2.8–5.8] | 4.9 [4.2–6.6] | +29 | <0.0001 | 0.733 |
Kgaa/Kharg | 1.96 [1.30–3.17] | 1.57 [1.31–2.01] | −20 | 0.0066 | 0.645 |
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Tsikas, D.; Maassen, N.; Thorns, A.; Finkel, A.; Lützow, M.; Röhrig, M.A.; Blau, L.S.; Dimina, L.; Mariotti, F.; Beckmann, B.; et al. Short-Term Supplementation of Sodium Nitrate vs. Sodium Chloride Increases Homoarginine Synthesis in Young Men Independent of Exercise. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810649
Tsikas D, Maassen N, Thorns A, Finkel A, Lützow M, Röhrig MA, Blau LS, Dimina L, Mariotti F, Beckmann B, et al. Short-Term Supplementation of Sodium Nitrate vs. Sodium Chloride Increases Homoarginine Synthesis in Young Men Independent of Exercise. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(18):10649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810649
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsikas, Dimitrios, Norbert Maassen, Antonie Thorns, Armin Finkel, Moritz Lützow, Magdalena Aleksandra Röhrig, Larissa Sarah Blau, Laurianne Dimina, François Mariotti, Bibiana Beckmann, and et al. 2022. "Short-Term Supplementation of Sodium Nitrate vs. Sodium Chloride Increases Homoarginine Synthesis in Young Men Independent of Exercise" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18: 10649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810649