Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Brief History of the CRISPR-Cas9 System
3. CRISPR Types and Molecular Mechanisms
4. Limitations
5. CRISPR-Cas9 in Alzheimer’s Disease
6. CRISPR-Cas9 in Parkinson’s Disease
7. CRISPR-Cas9 in Huntington’s Disease
8. CRISPR-Cas9 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Pathology | CRISPER-Cas System | Target | Point Mutation | Organism/ Cell Line | Result | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD | CRISPR-Cas9 | APP gene | 3′-UTR of APP | APP-KI mice | reduced Aβ pathology | [49] |
G676R, F681Y, and R684H | mouse | humanized animal models | [50] | |||
deletion | Tg2576 mice | reduce Aβ production | [54] | |||
C-terminus | [56] | |||||
Mapt gene | deletion in the transcriptional start codon (exon 1) | Tau knockout mice | C57Bl/6J background resistant to excitotoxicity | [51] | ||
Plcγ2-P522R variant | P522R | mouse | Plcγ2-P522R knock-in mouse model | [54] | ||
dCas9 | BACE-1 | decrease the expression of BACE-1 | animal models of AD. | reduction of Aβ production | [58] | |
dCas9 | ADAM10 | increase the expression of ADAM10 | animal models of AD. | reduction of Aβ production | [60] | |
PD | CRISPR-Cas9 | LRRK2 gene | G2019S | stem cells from marmosets | Modification of features associated with PD | [66] |
embryonic stem cells | [67] | |||||
Vps35 | D620N | mouse | Vps35 D620N knock-in (KI) mice | [68] | ||
PINK | D10A | monkeys | off-target edits reduction | [71] | ||
PINK1 and DJ-1 genes | deletion | PINK1 and DJ-1 gene knockout model | [70] | |||
CRISPR-dCas9 | SNCA | histone lysine demethylase (JARID1A) | PD-iPSCs | decrease the expression of α-synuclein | [73] | |
CRISPR-Cas9 | deletion mutated SNCA-A53T | Rats | [74] | |||
HD | CRISPR-Cas9 | mutant HTT | reducing HTT mutated | In vitro | Modification of features associated with HD | [76,77,78,79,80] |
HTT gene | introduced 150 CAG repeats | pig | pig model of HD | [81] | ||
ALS | CRISPR-Cas9 | SOD1 | independent SOD1 mutation | C. elegans models | animals ASL model | [82] |
several mutations into | iPSCs. | Modification of features associated with ALS | [84,85] | |||
TDP-43 | introduce human mutations | mouse | transgenic mouse models | [90,91] | ||
C9orf72 | correct the C9orf72 repeat with the wildtype gene | iPSCs | restore wild-type genotype and phenotype | [92] | ||
mice | [93] |
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Li, H.; Yang, Y.; Hong, W.; Huang, M.; Wu, M.; Zhao, X. Applications of genome editing technology in the targeted therapy of human diseases: Mechanisms, advances and prospects. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2020, 5, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barrangou, R.; Horvath, P. A decade of discovery: CRISPR functions and applications. Nat. Microbiol. 2017, 2, 17092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qi, L.S.; Larson, M.H.; Gilbert, L.A.; Doudna, J.A.; Weissman, J.S.; Arkin, A.P.; Lim, W.A. Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression. Cell 2013, 152, 1173–1183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Anton, T.; Karg, E.; Bultmann, S. Applications of the CRISPR/Cas system beyond gene editing. Biol. Methods Protoc. 2018, 3, bpy002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cong, L.; Ran, F.A.; Cox, D.; Lin, S.; Barretto, R.; Habib, N.; Hsu, P.D.; Wu, X.; Jiang, W.; Marraffini, L.A.; et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science 2013, 339, 819–823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heidenreich, M.; Zhang, F. Applications of CRISPR-Cas systems in neuroscience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2016, 17, 36–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ran, F.A.; Hsu, P.D.; Lin, C.Y.; Gootenberg, J.S.; Konermann, S.; Trevino, A.E.; Scott, D.A.; Inoue, A.; Matoba, S.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Double nicking by RNA-guided CRISPR Cas9 for enhanced genome editing specificity. Cell 2013, 154, 1380–1389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zheng, Y.; Li, J.; Wang, B.; Han, J.; Hao, Y.; Wang, S.; Ma, X.; Yang, S.; Ma, L.; Yi, L.; et al. Endogenous Type I CRISPR-Cas: From Foreign DNA Defense to Prokaryotic Engineering. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020, 8, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hazafa, A.; Mumtaz, M.; Farooq, M.F.; Bilal, S.; Chaudhry, S.N.; Firdous, M.; Naeem, H.; Ullah, M.O.; Yameen, M.; Mukhtiar, M.S.; et al. CRISPR/Cas9: A powerful genome editing technique for the treatment of cancer cells with present challenges and future directions. Life Sci. 2020, 263, 118525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, N.; Olson, E.N. CRISPR Modeling and Correction of Cardiovascular Disease. Circ. Res. 2022, 130, 1827–1850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raikwar, S.P.; Kikkeri, N.S.; Sakuru, R.; Saeed, D.; Zahoor, H.; Premkumar, K.; Mentor, S.; Thangavel, R.; Dubova, I.; Ahmed, M.E.; et al. Next Generation Precision Medicine: CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2019, 14, 608–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ishino, Y.; Shinagawa, H.; Makino, K.; Amemura, M.; Nakata, A. Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. J. Bacteriol. 1987, 169, 5429–5433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mojica, F.J.; Díez-Villaseñor, C.; García-Martínez, J.; Soria, E. Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements. J. Mol. Evol. 2005, 60, 174–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jansen, R.; Embden, J.D.; Gaastra, W.; Schouls, L.M. Identification of genes that are associated with DNA repeats in prokaryotes. Mol. Microbiol. 2002, 43, 1565–1575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haft, D.H.; Selengut, J.; Mongodin, E.F.; Nelson, K.E. A guild of 45 CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein families and multiple CRISPR/Cas subtypes exist in prokaryotic genomes. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2005, 1, e60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bolotin, A.; Quinquis, B.; Sorokin, A.; Ehrlich, S.D. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) have spacers of extrachromosomal origin. Microbiol. (Read. Engl.) 2005, 151 Pt 8, 2551–2561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pourcel, C.; Salvignol, G.; Vergnaud, G. CRISPR elements in Yersinia pestis acquire new repeats by preferential uptake of bacteriophage DNA, and provide additional tools for evolutionary studies. Microbiol. (Read. Engl.) 2005, 151 Pt 3, 653–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tang, T.H.; Bachellerie, J.P.; Rozhdestvensky, T.; Bortolin, M.L.; Huber, H.; Drungowski, M.; Elge, T.; Brosius, J.; Hüttenhofer, A. Identification of 86 candidates for small non-messenger RNAs from the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 7536–7541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Makarova, K.S.; Grishin, N.V.; Shabalina, S.A.; Wolf, Y.I.; Koonin, E.V. A putative RNA-interference-based immune system in prokaryotes: Computational analysis of the predicted enzymatic machinery, functional analogies with eukaryotic RNAi, and hypothetical mechanisms of action. Biol. Direct 2006, 1, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Newsom, S.; Parameshwaran, H.P.; Martin, L.; Rajan, R. The CRISPR-Cas Mechanism for Adaptive Immunity and Alternate Bacterial Functions Fuels Diverse Biotechnologies. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020, 10, 619763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jinek, M.; East, A.; Cheng, A.; Lin, S.; Ma, E.; Doudna, J. RNA-programmed genome editing in human cells. eLife 2013, 2, e00471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mali, P.; Yang, L.; Esvelt, K.M.; Aach, J.; Guell, M.; DiCarlo, J.E.; Norville, J.E.; Church, G.M. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science 2013, 339, 823–826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hwang, W.Y.; Fu, Y.; Reyon, D.; Maeder, M.L.; Tsai, S.Q.; Sander, J.D.; Peterson, R.T.; Yeh, J.R.; Joung, J.K. Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat. Biotechnol. 2013, 31, 227–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yan, S.; Tu, Z.; Li, S.; Li, X.J. Use of CRISPR/Cas9 to model brain diseases. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2018, 81, 488–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Makarova, K.S.; Haft, D.H.; Barrangou, R.; Brouns, S.J.; Charpentier, E.; Horvath, P.; Moineau, S.; Mojica, F.J.; Wolf, Y.I.; Yakunin, A.F.; et al. Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat. Reviews. Microbiol. 2011, 9, 467–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jore, M.M.; Lundgren, M.; van Duijn, E.; Bultema, J.B.; Westra, E.R.; Waghmare, S.P.; Wiedenheft, B.; Pul, U.; Wurm, R.; Wagner, R.; et al. Structural basis for CRISPR RNA-guided DNA recognition by Cascade. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2011, 18, 529–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wiedenheft, B.; van Duijn, E.; Bultema, J.B.; Waghmare, S.P.; Zhou, K.; Barendregt, A.; Westphal, W.; Heck, A.J.; Boekema, E.J.; Dickman, M.J.; et al. RNA-guided complex from a bacterial immune system enhances target recognition through seed sequence interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 10092–10097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haurwitz, R.E.; Jinek, M.; Wiedenheft, B.; Zhou, K.; Doudna, J.A. Sequence- and structure-specific RNA processing by a CRISPR endonuclease. Science 2010, 329, 1355–1358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sashital, D.G.; Wiedenheft, B.; Doudna, J.A. Mechanism of foreign DNA selection in a bacterial adaptive immune system. Mol. Cell 2012, 46, 606–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sapranauskas, R.; Gasiunas, G.; Fremaux, C.; Barrangou, R.; Horvath, P.; Siksnys, V. The Streptococcus thermophilus CRISPR/Cas system provides immunity in Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011, 39, 9275–9282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deltcheva, E.; Chylinski, K.; Sharma, C.M.; Gonzales, K.; Chao, Y.; Pirzada, Z.A.; Eckert, M.R.; Vogel, J.; Charpentier, E. CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III. Nature 2011, 471, 602–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Szczelkun, M.D.; Tikhomirova, M.S.; Sinkunas, T.; Gasiunas, G.; Karvelis, T.; Pschera, P.; Siksnys, V.; Seidel, R. Direct observation of R-loop formation by single RNA-guided Cas9 and Cascade effector complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 9798–9803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sternberg, S.H.; Redding, S.; Jinek, M.; Greene, E.C.; Doudna, J.A. DNA interrogation by the CRISPR RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9. Nature 2014, 507, 62–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sokolowski, R.D.; Graham, S.; White, M.F. Cas6 specificity and CRISPR RNA loading in a complex CRISPR-Cas system. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014, 42, 6532–6541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marraffini, L.A. CRISPR-Cas immunity in prokaryotes. Nature 2015, 526, 55–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuscu, C.; Arslan, S.; Singh, R.; Thorpe, J.; Adli, M. Genome-wide analysis reveals characteristics of off-target sites bound by the Cas9 endonuclease. Nat. Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 677–683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.H.; Tee, L.Y.; Wang, X.G.; Huang, Q.S.; Yang, S.H. Off-target Effects in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Genome Engineering. Mol. Therapy. Nucleic Acids 2015, 4, e264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haeussler, M.; Schönig, K.; Eckert, H.; Eschstruth, A.; Mianné, J.; Renaud, J.B.; Schneider-Maunoury, S.; Shkumatava, A.; Teboul, L.; Kent, J.; et al. Evaluation of off-target and on-target scoring algorithms and integration into the guide RNA selection tool CRISPOR. Genome Biol. 2016, 17, 148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LaFerla, F.M.; Oddo, S. Alzheimer’s disease: Abeta, tau and synaptic dysfunction. Trends Mol. Med. 2005, 11, 170–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.A.; Jang, Y.J.; Kim, M.K.; Lee, S.M.; Moon, S.Y. Promising Blood Biomarkers for Clinical Use in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Focused Update. J. Clin. Neurol. 2022, 18, 401–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Jeong, M.; Stiles, W.R.; Choi, H.S. Neuroimaging Modalities in Alzheimer’s Disease: Diagnosis and Clinical Features. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Romaus-Sanjurjo, D.; Regueiro, U.; Lopez-Lopez, M.; Vazquez-Vazquez, L.; Ouro, A.; Lema, I.; Sobrino, T. Alzheimer’s Disease Seen through the Eye: Ocular Alterations and Neurodegeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Plano, L.M.; Carnazza, S.; Franco, D.; Rizzo, M.G.; Conoci, S.; Petralia, S.; Nicoletti, A.; Zappia, M.; Campolo, M.; Esposito, E.; et al. Innovative IgG Biomarkers Based on Phage Display Microbial Amyloid Mimotope for State and Stage Diagnosis in Alzheimer’s Disease. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2020, 11, 1013–1026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Querfurth, H.W.; LaFerla, F.M. Alzheimer’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 362, 329–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- LaFerla, F.M.; Green, K.N. Animal models of Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2012, 2, a006320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lu, L.; Yu, X.; Cai, Y.; Sun, M.; Yang, H. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front. Neurosci. 2021, 15, 803894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Galvan, V.; Gorostiza, O.F.; Banwait, S.; Ataie, M.; Logvinova, A.V.; Sitaraman, S.; Carlson, E.; Sagi, S.A.; Chevallier, N.; Jin, K.; et al. Reversal of Alzheimer’s-like pathology and behavior in human APP transgenic mice by mutation of Asp664. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 7130–7135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jonsson, T.; Atwal, J.K.; Steinberg, S.; Snaedal, J.; Jonsson, P.V.; Bjornsson, S.; Stefansson, H.; Sulem, P.; Gudbjartsson, D.; Maloney, J.; et al. A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer’s disease and age-related cognitive decline. Nature 2012, 488, 96–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagata, K.; Takahashi, M.; Matsuba, Y.; Okuyama-Uchimura, F.; Sato, K.; Hashimoto, S.; Saito, T.; Saido, T.C. Generation of App knock-in mice reveals deletion mutations protective against Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Serneels, L.; T’Syen, D.; Perez-Benito, L.; Theys, T.; Holt, M.G.; De Strooper, B. Modeling the beta-secretase cleavage site and humanizing amyloid-beta precursor protein in rat and mouse to study Alzheimer’s disease. Mol. Neurodegener. 2020, 15, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, D.C.S.; Yao, S.; Ittner, A.; Bertz, J.; Ke, Y.D.; Ittner, L.M.; Delerue, F. Generation of a New Tau Knockout (tauDeltaex1) Line Using CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Mice. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2018, 62, 571–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sims, R.; van der Lee, S.J.; Naj, A.C.; Bellenguez, C.; Badarinarayan, N.; Jakobsdottir, J.; Kunkle, B.W.; Boland, A.; Raybould, R.; Bis, J.C.; et al. Rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3, and TREM2 implicate microglial-mediated innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Genet. 2017, 49, 1373–1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Takalo, M.; Wittrahm, R.; Wefers, B.; Parhizkar, S.; Jokivarsi, K.; Kuulasmaa, T.; Mäkinen, P.; Martiskainen, H.; Wurst, W.; Xiang, X.; et al. The Alzheimer’s disease-associated protective Plcγ2-P522R variant promotes immune functions. Mol. Neurodegener. 2020, 15, 52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- György, B.; Lööv, C.; Zaborowski, M.P.; Takeda, S.; Kleinstiver, B.P.; Commins, C.; Kastanenka, K.; Mu, D.; Volak, A.; Giedraitis, V.; et al. CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Disruption of the Swedish APP Allele as a Therapeutic Approach for Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol. Therapy. Nucleic Acids 2018, 11, 429–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Duan, Y.; Ye, T.; Qu, Z.; Chen, Y.; Miranda, A.; Zhou, X.; Lok, K.C.; Chen, Y.; Fu, A.K.Y.; Gradinaru, V.; et al. Brain-wide Cas9-mediated cleavage of a gene causing familial Alzheimer’s disease alleviates amyloid-related pathologies in mice. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2022, 6, 168–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, J.; Carlson-Stevermer, J.; Das, U.; Shen, M.; Delenclos, M.; Snead, A.M.; Koo, S.Y.; Wang, L.; Qiao, D.; Loi, J.; et al. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of APP C-terminus attenuates beta-cleavage and promotes alpha-cleavage. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Konermann, S.; Brigham, M.D.; Trevino, A.E.; Joung, J.; Abudayyeh, O.O.; Barcena, C.; Hsu, P.D.; Habib, N.; Gootenberg, J.S.; Nishimasu, H.; et al. Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex. Nature 2015, 517, 583–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Park, H.; Oh, J.; Shim, G.; Cho, B.; Chang, Y.; Kim, S.; Baek, S.; Kim, H.; Shin, J.; Choi, H.; et al. In vivo neuronal gene editing via CRISPR-Cas9 amphiphilic nanocomplexes alleviates deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Neurosci. 2019, 22, 524–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, J.; Wan, T.; Li, B.; Pan, Q.; Xin, H.; Qiu, Y.; Ping, Y. Rational Design of Poly(disulfide)s as a Universal Platform for Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 Machineries toward Therapeutic Genome Editing. ACS Cent. Sci. 2021, 7, 990–1000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, H.; Hwang, Y.; Kim, J. Transcriptional activation with Cas9 activator nanocomplexes rescues Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Biomaterials 2021, 279, 121229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, F.; Fang, S.; Du, Y.; Ghosh, A.; Reed, M.N.; Long, Y.; Suppiramaniam, V.; Tang, S.; Hong, H. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated CysLT1R deletion reverses synaptic failure, amyloidosis and cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021, 13, 6634–6661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, H.; Kim, J. Activation of melatonin receptor 1 by CRISPR-Cas9 activator ameliorates cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. J. Pineal Res. 2022, 72, e12787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hayes, M.T. Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism. Am. J. Med. 2019, 132, 802–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nuytemans, K.; Theuns, J.; Cruts, M.; Van Broeckhoven, C. Genetic etiology of Parkinson disease associated with mutations in the SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, PARK7, and LRRK2 genes: A mutation update. Hum. Mutat. 2010, 31, 763–780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chai, C.; Lim, K.L. Genetic insights into sporadic Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Curr. Genom. 2013, 14, 486–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vermilyea, S.C.; Babinski, A.; Tran, N.; To, S.; Guthrie, S.; Kluss, J.H.; Schmidt, J.K.; Wiepz, G.J.; Meyer, M.G.; Murphy, M.E.; et al. In Vitro CRISPR/Cas9-Directed Gene Editing to Model LRRK2 G2019S Parkinson’s Disease in Common Marmosets. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 3447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wulansari, N.; Darsono, W.H.W.; Woo, H.J.; Chang, M.Y.; Kim, J.; Bae, E.J.; Sun, W.; Lee, J.H.; Cho, I.J.; Shin, H.; et al. Neurodevelopmental defects and neurodegenerative phenotypes in human brain organoids carrying Parkinson’s disease-linked DNAJC6 mutations. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabb1540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishizu, N.; Yui, D.; Hebisawa, A.; Aizawa, H.; Cui, W.; Fujita, Y.; Hashimoto, K.; Ajioka, I.; Mizusawa, H.; Yokota, T.; et al. Impaired striatal dopamine release in homozygous Vps35 D620N knock-in mice. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2016, 25, 4507–4517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, Z.Z.; Wang, J.Y.; Kang, Y.; Yang, Q.Y.; Gu, X.Y.; Zhi, D.L.; Yan, L.; Long, C.Z.; Shen, B.; Niu, Y.Y. PINK1 gene mutation by pair truncated sgRNA/Cas9-D10A in cynomolgus monkeys. Zool. Res. 2021, 42, 469–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.; Wu, S.; Ma, X.; Li, X.; Cheng, T.; Chen, Z.; Wu, J.; Lv, L.; Li, L.; Xu, L.; et al. Co-editing PINK1 and DJ-1 Genes Via Adeno-Associated Virus-Delivered CRISPR/Cas9 System in Adult Monkey Brain Elicits Classical Parkinsonian Phenotype. Neurosci. Bull. 2021, 37, 1271–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dianov, G.L.; Hübscher, U. Mammalian base excision repair: The forgotten archangel. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013, 41, 3483–3490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jowaed, A.; Schmitt, I.; Kaut, O.; Wüllner, U. Methylation regulates alpha-synuclein expression and is decreased in Parkinson’s disease patients’ brains. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 2010, 30, 6355–6359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guhathakurta, S.; Kim, J.; Adams, L.; Basu, S.; Song, M.K.; Adler, E.; Je, G.; Fiadeiro, M.B.; Kim, Y.S. Targeted attenuation of elevated histone marks at SNCA alleviates α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease. EMBO Mol. Med. 2021, 13, e12188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoon, H.H.; Ye, S.; Lim, S.; Jo, A.; Lee, H.; Hong, F.; Lee, S.E.; Oh, S.J.; Kim, N.R.; Kim, K.; et al. CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Protects from the A53T-SNCA Overexpression-Induced Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease In Vivo. CRISPR J. 2022, 5, 95–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jurcau, A. Molecular Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Huntington’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 1432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shin, J.W.; Kim, K.H.; Chao, M.J.; Atwal, R.S.; Gillis, T.; MacDonald, M.E.; Gusella, J.F.; Lee, J.M. Permanent inactivation of Huntington’s disease mutation by personalized allele-specific CRISPR/Cas9. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2016, 25, 4566–4576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kolli, N.; Lu, M.; Maiti, P.; Rossignol, J.; Dunbar, G.L. CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Gene-Silencing of the Mutant Huntingtin Gene in an In Vitro Model of Huntington’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lopes, C.; Tang, Y.; Anjo, S.I.; Manadas, B.; Onofre, I.; de Almeida, L.P.; Daley, G.Q.; Schlaeger, T.M.; Rego, A.C.C. Mitochondrial and Redox Modifications in Huntington Disease Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Rescued by CRISPR/Cas9 CAGs Targeting. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020, 8, 576592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ekman, F.K.; Ojala, D.S.; Adil, M.M.; Lopez, P.A.; Schaffer, D.V.; Gaj, T. CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing Increases Lifespan and Improves Motor Deficits in a Huntington’s Disease Mouse Model. Mol. Therapy. Nucleic Acids 2019, 17, 829–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, S.; Chang, R.; Yang, H.; Zhao, T.; Hong, Y.; Kong, H.E.; Sun, X.; Qin, Z.; Jin, P.; Li, S.; et al. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing ameliorates neurotoxicity in mouse model of Huntington’s disease. J. Clin. Investig. 2017, 127, 2719–2724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yan, S.; Tu, Z.; Liu, Z.; Fan, N.; Yang, H.; Yang, S.; Yang, W.; Zhao, Y.; Ouyang, Z.; Lai, C.; et al. A Huntingtin Knockin Pig Model Recapitulates Features of Selective Neurodegeneration in Huntington’s Disease. Cell 2018, 173, 989–1002.e13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hardiman, O.; Al-Chalabi, A.; Chio, A.; Corr, E.M.; Logroscino, G.; Robberecht, W.; Shaw, P.J.; Simmons, Z.; van den Berg, L.H. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2017, 3, 17071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yun, Y.; Ha, Y. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Correction to Understand ALS. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, B.W.; Ryu, J.; Jeong, Y.E.; Kim, J.; Martin, L.J. Human Motor Neurons With SOD1-G93A Mutation Generated From CRISPR/Cas9 Gene-Edited iPSCs Develop Pathological Features of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front. Cell Neurosci. 2020, 14, 604171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhinge, A.; Namboori, S.C.; Zhang, X.; VanDongen, A.M.J.; Stanton, L.W. Genetic Correction of SOD1 Mutant iPSCs Reveals ERK and JNK Activated AP1 as a Driver of Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Stem Cell Rep. 2017, 8, 856–869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baskoylu, S.N.; Yersak, J.; O’Hern, P.; Grosser, S.; Simon, J.; Kim, S.; Schuch, K.; Dimitriadi, M.; Yanagi, K.S.; Lins, J.; et al. Single copy/knock-in models of ALS SOD1 in C. elegans suggest loss and gain of function have different contributions to cholinergic and glutamatergic neurodegeneration. PLoS Genet. 2018, 14, e1007682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gaj, T.; Ojala, D.S.; Ekman, F.K.; Byrne, L.C.; Limsirichai, P.; Schaffer, D.V. In vivo genome editing improves motor function and extends survival in a mouse model of ALS. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, eaar3952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Deng, H.X.; Zhai, H.; Shi, Y.; Liu, G.; Lowry, J.; Liu, B.; Ryan, É.B.; Yan, J.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, N.; et al. Efficacy and long-term safety of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in the SOD1-linked mouse models of ALS. Commun. Biol. 2021, 4, 396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riku, Y.; Seilhean, D.; Duyckaerts, C.; Boluda, S.; Iguchi, Y.; Ishigaki, S.; Iwasaki, Y.; Yoshida, M.; Sobue, G.; Katsuno, M. Pathway from TDP-43-Related Pathology to Neuronal Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fratta, P.; Sivakumar, P.; Humphrey, J.; Lo, K.; Ricketts, T.; Oliveira, H.; Brito-Armas, J.M.; Kalmar, B.; Ule, A.; Yu, Y.; et al. Mice with endogenous TDP-43 mutations exhibit gain of splicing function and characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. EMBO J. 2018, 37, e98684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watanabe, S.; Oiwa, K.; Murata, Y.; Komine, O.; Sobue, A.; Endo, F.; Takahashi, E.; Yamanaka, K. ALS-linked TDP-43(M337V) knock-in mice exhibit splicing deregulation without neurodegeneration. Mol. Brain 2020, 13, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ababneh, N.A.; Scaber, J.; Flynn, R.; Douglas, A.; Barbagallo, P.; Candalija, A.; Turner, M.R.; Sims, D.; Dafinca, R.; Cowley, S.A.; et al. Correction of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis related phenotypes in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons carrying a hexanucleotide expansion mutation in C9orf72 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing using homology-directed repair. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2020, 29, 2200–2217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Piao, X.; Meng, D.; Zhang, X.; Song, Q.; Lv, H.; Jia, Y. Dual-gRNA approach with limited off-target effect corrects C9ORF72 repeat expansion in vivo. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 5672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
De Plano, L.M.; Calabrese, G.; Conoci, S.; Guglielmino, S.P.P.; Oddo, S.; Caccamo, A. Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 8714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158714
De Plano LM, Calabrese G, Conoci S, Guglielmino SPP, Oddo S, Caccamo A. Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(15):8714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158714
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Plano, Laura M., Giovanna Calabrese, Sabrina Conoci, Salvatore P. P. Guglielmino, Salvatore Oddo, and Antonella Caccamo. 2022. "Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15: 8714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158714