TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Patients’ Enrollment and Clinical Data Collection
4.2. RNA Isolation and TAS2R38 Expression Analysis
4.3. Reference Gene Selction
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CRS | Chronic rhinosinusitis |
CRSwNP | Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps |
CRSsNP | Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps |
qRT-PCR | Real-time polymerase chain reaction |
PDAC | Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma |
SNPs | Single nucleotide polymorphisms |
NO | Nitric oxide |
NOS | Nitric oxide synthase |
AHLs | Acyl-homoserine lactones |
C4HSL | N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone |
C12HSL | N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone |
Ca2+ | Calcium ion |
K+ | Potassium ion |
PLCβ2 | Phospholipase C isoform β2 |
IP3 | Inositol trisphosphate |
PTC | Phenylthiocarbamide |
SNOT-22 | Sino-nasal Outcome Test-22 |
VAS | Visual Analog Scale |
F | Female |
M | Male |
BMI | Body mass index |
IQR | Interquartile range |
COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD |
FESS | Functional endoscopic sinus surgery |
NSAIDs | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
CT | Computed tomography |
18S RNA | 18S ribosomal RNA |
ACTB | β-actin |
GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene |
CoV | Coefficient of variation |
ITM | Inferior turbinate mucosa |
References
- Mennella, J.A.; Pepino, M.Y.; Reed, D.R. Genetic and environmental determinants of bitter perception and sweet preferences. Pediatrics 2005, 115, e216–e222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jaggupilli, A.; Singh, N.; Upadhyaya, J.; Sikarwar, A.S.; Arakawa, M.; Dakshinamurti, S.; Bhullar, R.P.; Duan, K.; Chelikani, P. Analysis of the expression of human bitter taste receptors in extraoral tissues. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2017, 426, 137–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hariri, B.M.; McMahon, D.B.; Chen, B.; Freund, J.R.; Mansfield, C.J.; Doghramji, L.J.; Adappa, N.D.; Palmer, J.N.; Kennedy, D.W.; Reed, D.R.; et al. Flavones modulate respiratory epithelial innate immunity: Anti-inflammatory effects and activation of the T2R14 receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 2017, 292, 8484–8497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Freund, J.R.; Mansfield, C.J.; Doghramji, L.J.; Adappa, N.D.; Palmer, J.N.; Kennedy, D.W.; Reed, D.R.; Jiang, P.; Lee, R.J. Activation of airway epithelial bitter taste receptors by Pseudomonas aeruginosa quinolones modulates calcium, cyclic-AMP, and nitric oxide signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 2018, 293, 9824–9840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cont, G.; Paviotti, G.; Montico, M.; Paganin, P.; Guerra, M.; Trappan, A.; Demarini, S.; Gasparini, P.; Robino, A. TAS2R38 bitter taste genotype is associated with complementary feeding behavior in infants. Genes Nutr. 2019, 14, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shah, A.S.; Ben-Shahar, Y.; Moninger, T.O.; Kline, J.N.; Welsh, M.J. Motile cilia of human airway epithelia are chemosensory. Science 2009, 325, 1131–1134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cohen, N.A. The genetics of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 in upper airway innate immunity and implications for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2017, 127, 44–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adappa, N.D.; Howland, T.J.; Palmer, J.N.; Kennedy, D.W.; Doghramji, L.; Lysenko, A.; Reed, D.R.; Lee, R.J.; Cohen, N.A. Genetics of the taste receptor T2R38 correlates with chronic rhinosinusitis necessitating surgical intervention. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013, 3, 184–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adappa, N.D.; Zhang, Z.; Palmer, J.N.; Kennedy, D.W.; Doghramji, L.; Lysenko, A.; Reed, D.R.; Scott, T.; Zhao, N.W.; Owens, D.; et al. The bitter taste receptor T2R38 is an independent risk factor for chronic rhinosinusitis requiring sinus surgery. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014, 4, 3–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Adappa, N.D.; Farquhar, D.; Palmer, J.N.; Kennedy, D.W.; Doghramji, L.; Morris, S.A.; Owens, D.; Mansfield, C.; Lysenko, A.; Lee, R.J.; et al. TAS2R38 genotype predicts surgical outcome in nonpolypoid chronic rhinosinusitis. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016, 6, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Clark, A.A.; Dotson, C.D.; Elson, A.E.T.; Voigt, A.; Boehm, U.; Meyerhof, W.; Steinle, N.I.; Munger, S.D. TAS2R bitter taste receptors regulate thyroid function. FASEB J. 2015, 29, 164–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wölfle, U.; Elsholz, F.A.; Kersten, A.; Haarhaus, B.; Müller, W.E.; Schempp, C.M. Expression and functional activity of the bitter taste receptors TAS2R1 and TAS2R38 in human keratinocytes. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 2015, 28, 137–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shaw, L.; Mansfield, C.; Colquitt, L.; Lin, C.; Ferreira, J.; Emmetsberger, J.; Reed, D.R. Personalized expression of bitter ‘taste’ receptors in human skin. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0205322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rozengurt, N.; Wu, S.; Chen, M.C.; Huang, C.; Sternini, C.; Rozengurt, E. Co-localization of the {alpha} subunit of gustducin with PYY and GLP-1 in L cells of human colon. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2006, 291, G792–G802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Neve, B.; Foltz, M.; Daniel, H.; Gouka, R. The steroid glycoside H.g.-12 from Hoodia gordonii activates the human bitter receptor TAS2R14 and induces CCK release from HuTu-80 cells. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2010, 299, G1368–G1375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeon, T.I.; Seo, Y.K.; Osborne, T.F. Gut bitter taste receptor signalling induces ABCB1 through a mechanisminvolving CCK. Biochem. J. 2011, 438, 33–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Latorre, R.; Huynh, J.; Mazzoni, M.; Gupta, A.; Bonora, E.; Clavenzani, P.; Chang, L.; Mayer, E.A.; De Giorgio, R.; Sternini, C. Expression of the Bitter Taste Receptor, T2R38, in Enteroendocrine Cells of the Colonic Mucosa of Overweight/Obese vs. Lean Subjects. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0147468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orsmark-Pietras, C.; James, A.; Konradsen, J.R.; Nordlund, B.; Soderhall, C.; Pulkkinen, V.; Pedroletti, C.; Daham, K.; Kupczyk, M.; Dahlén, B.; et al. Transcriptome analysis reveals upregulation of bitter taste receptors in severe asthmatics. Eur. Respir. J. 2013, 42, 65–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lund, T.C.; Kobs, A.J.; Kramer, A.; Nyquist, M.; Kuroki, M.T.; Osborn, J.; Lidke, D.S.; Low-Nam, S.T.; Blazar, B.R.; Tolar, J. Bone Marrow Stromal and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Have Chemosensory Capacity via Bitter Taste Receptor Expression. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e58945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tran, H.; Herz, C.; Ruf, P.; Stetter, R.; Lamy, E. Human T2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Resting and Activated Lymphocytes. Front. Immunol. 2018, 9, 2949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foster, S.R.; Porrello, E.R.; Purdue, B.; Chan, H.W.; Voigt, A.; Frenzel, S.; Hannan, R.D.; Moritz, K.M.; Simmons, D.G.; Molenaar, P.; et al. Expression, Regulation and Putative Nutrient-Sensing Function of Taste GPCRs in the Heart. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e64579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Singh, N.; Chakraborty, R.; Bhullar, R.P.; Chelikani, P. Differential expression of bitter taste receptors in non-cancerous breast epithelial and breast cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2014, 446, 499–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, K.; Lu, P.; Delpapa, E.; Bellve, K.; Deng, R.; Condon, J.C.; Fogarty, K.; Lifshitz, L.M.; Simas, T.M.; Shi, F.; et al. Bitter taste receptors as targets for tocolytics in preterm labor therapy. FASEB J. 2017, 31, 4037–4052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Governini, L.; Semplici, B.; Pavone, V.; Crifasi, L.; Marrocco, C.; De Leo, V.; Arlt, E.; Gudermann, T.; Boekhoff, I.; Luddiet, A.; et al. Expression of Taste Receptor 2 Subtypes in Human Testis and Sperm. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garcia-Esparcia, P.; Schluter, A.; Carmona, M.; Moreno, J.; Ansoleaga, B.; Torrejon-Escribano, B.; Gustincich, S.; Pujol, A.; Ferrer, I. Functional genomics reveals dysregulation of cortical olfactory receptors in Parkinson disease: Novel putative chemoreceptors in the human brain. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2013, 72, 524–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ansoleaga, B.; Garcia-Esparcia, P.; Pinacho, R.; Haro, J.M.; Ramos, B.; Ferrer, I. Decrease in olfactory and taste receptor expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in chronic schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2014, 60, 109–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stern, L.; Giese, N.; Hackert, T.; Strobel, O.; Schirmacher, P.; Felix, K.; Gaida, M.M. Overcoming chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells: Role of the bitter taste receptor T2R10. J. Cancer 2018, 9, 711–725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carrai, M.; Steinke, V.; Vodicka, P.; Pardini, B.; Rahner, N.; Holinski-Feder, E.; Morak, M.; Schackert, H.K.; Görgens, H.; Stemmler, S.; et al. Association between TAS2R38 gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study in two independent populations of Caucasian origin. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e20464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, U.; Wooding, S.; Ricci, D.; Jorde, L.B.; Drayna, D. Worldwide haplotype diversity and coding sequence variation at human bitter taste receptor loci. Hum. Mutat. 2005, 26, 199–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mfuna Endam, L.; Filali-Mouhim, A.; Boisvert, P.; Boulet, L.P.; Bossé, Y.; Desrosiers, M. Genetic variations in taste receptors are associated with chronic rhinosinusitis: A replication study. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014, 4, 200–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oton-Gonzalez, L.; Rotondo, J.C.; Cerritelli, L.; Malagutti, N.; Lanzillotti, C.; Bononi, I.; Ciorba, A.; Bianchini, C.; Mazziotta, C.; De Mattei, M.; et al. Association between oncogenic human papillomavirus type 16 and Killian polyp. Infect. Agents Cancer 2021, 16, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fokkens, W.J.; Lund, V.J.; Hopkins, C.; Hellings, P.W.; Kern, R.; Reitsma, S.; Toppila-Salmi, S.; Bernal-Sprekelsen, M.; Mullol, J.; Alobid, I.; et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology 2020, 58 (Suppl. S29), 1–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, R.J.; Xiong, G.; Kofonow, J.M.; Chen, B.; Lysenko, A.; Jiang, P.; Abraham, V.; Doghramji, L.; Adappa, N.D.; Palmer, J.N.; et al. T2R38 taste receptor polymorphisms underlie susceptibility to upper respiratory infection. J. Clin. Investig. 2012, 122, 4145–4159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zborowska-Piskadło, K.; Stachowiak, M.; Rusetska, N.; Sarnowska, E.; Siedlecki, J.; Dżaman, K. The expression of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Arch. Immunol. Et Ther. Exp. 2020, 68, 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carey, R.M.; Workman, A.D.; Yan, C.H.; Chen, B.; Adappa, N.D.; Palmer, J.N.; Kennedy, D.W.; Lee, R.J.; Cohen, N.A. Sinonasal T2R-mediated nitric oxide production in response to Bacillus cereus. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy 2017, 31, 211–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ahmad, R.; Dalziel, J.E. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Taste Physiology and Pharmacology. Front. Pharmacol. 2020, 11, 587664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jimenez, P.N.; Koch, G.; Thompson, J.A.; Xavier, K.B.; Cool, R.H.; Quax, W.J. The multiple signaling systems regulating virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2012, 76, 46–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maurer, S.; Wabnitz, G.H.; Kahle, N.A.; Stegmaier, S.; Prior, B.; Giese, T.; Gaida, M.M.; Samstag, Y.; Hansch, G.M. Tasting Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: Human neutrophils express the bitter receptor T2R38 as sensor for the quorum sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone. Front. Immunol. 2015, 6, 369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, R.J.; Hariri, B.M.; McMahon, D.B.; Chen, B.; Doghramji, L.; Adappa, N.D.; Palmer, J.N.; Kennedy, D.W.; Jiang, P.; Margolskee, R.F.; et al. Bacterial d-amino acids suppress sinonasal innate immunity through sweet taste receptors in solitary chemosensory cells. Sci. Signal. 2017, 10, eaam7703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lipchock, S.V.; Mennella, J.A.; Spielman, A.I.; Reed, D.R. Human bitter perception correlates with bitter receptor messenger RNA expression in taste cells. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 98, 1136–1143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grassin-Delyle, S.; Abrial, C.; Fayad-Kobeissi, S.; Brollo, M.; Faisy, C.; Alvarez, J.C.; Naline, E.; Devillier, P. The expression and relaxant effect of bitter taste receptors in human bronchi. Respir. Res. 2013, 14, 134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Martin, L.; Nachtigal, M.W.; Selman, T.; Nguyen, E.; Salsman, J.; Dellaire, G.; Dupré, D.J. Bitter taste receptors are expressed in human epithelial ovarian and prostate cancers cells and noscapine stimulation impacts cell survival. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2019, 454, 203–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Douglas, J.E.; Lin, C.; Mansfield, C.J.; Arayata, C.J.; Cowart, B.J.; Spielman, A.I.; Adappa, N.D.; Palmer, J.N.; Cohen, N.A.; Reed, D.R. Tissue-Dependent Expression of Bitter Receptor TAS2R38 mRNA. Chem. Senses 2019, 44, 33–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Piskadło-Zborowska, K.; Stachowiak, M.; Sarnowska, E.; Jowik, R.; Dżaman, K. Assessment of the effect of inflammatory changes and allergic reaction on TAS2R38 receptor expression in patients with chronic sinusitis (CRS). Otolaryngol. Pol. 2020, 74, 17–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garuti, A.; Rocco, I.; Cirmena, G.; Chiaramondia, M.; Baccini, P.; Calabrese, M.; Palermo, C.; Friedman, D.; Zoppoli, G.; Ballestrero, A. Quantitative Real Time PCR assessment of hormonal receptors and HER2 status on fine-needle aspiration pre-operatory specimens from a prospectively accrued cohort of women with suspect breast malignant lesions. Gynecol. Oncol. 2014, 132, 389–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fox, A.L. The relationship between chemical constitution and taste. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1932, 18, 115–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rowan, N.R.; Soler, Z.M.; Othieno, F.; Storck, K.A.; Smith, T.L.; Schlosser, R.J. Impact of bitter taste receptor phenotype upon clinical presentation in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018, 8, 1013–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adappa, N.D.; Truesdale, C.M.; Workman, A.D.; Doghramji, L.; Mansfield, C.; Kennedy, D.W.; Palmer, J.N.; Cowart, B.J.; Cohen, N.A. Correlation of T2R38 taste phenotype and in vitro biofilm formation from nonpolypoid chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016, 6, 783–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, C.; Civantos, A.M.; Arnold, M.; Stevens, E.M.; Cowart, B.J.; Colquitt, L.R.; Mansfield, C.; Kennedy, D.W.; Brooks, S.G.; Workman, A.D.; et al. Divergent bitter and sweet taste perception intensity in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2021, 11, 857–865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deshpande, D.A.; Wang, W.C.; McIlmoyle, E.L.; Robinett, K.S.; Schillinger, R.M.; An, S.S.; Sham, J.S.K.; Liggett, S.B. Bitter taste receptors on airway smooth muscle bronchodilate by localized calcium signaling and reverse obstruction. Nat. Med. 2010, 16, 1299–1304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Meyerhof, W.; Batram, C.; Kuhn, C.; Brockhoff, A.; Chudoba, E.; Bufe, B.; Appendino, G.; Behrens, M. The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors. Chem. Senses 2010, 35, 157–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soares, S.; Silva, M.S.; García-Estevez, I.; Groβmann, P.; Brás, N.; Brandão, E.; Mateus, N.; de Freitas, V.; Behrens, M.; Meyerhof, W. Human Bitter Taste Receptors Are Activated by Different Classes of Polyphenols. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 8814–8823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jaggupilli, A.; Singh, N.; De Jesus, V.C.; Gounni, M.S.; Dhanaraj, P.; Chelikani, P. Chemosensory bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are activated by multiple antibiotics. FASEB J. 2019, 33, 501–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Verbeurgt, C.; Veithen, A.; Carlot, S.; Tarabichi, M.; Dumont, J.E.; Hassid, S.; Chatelain, P. The human bitter taste receptor T2R38 is broadly tuned for bacterial compounds. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0181302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boyle, J.V.; Lam, K.; Han, J.K. Dupilumab in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Immunotherapy 2020, 12, 111–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, H.; Bai, X.; Meng, F.; Zhang, X. Comparison of immunohistochemistry and mRNA in situhybridization in detecting thyroid transcription factor-1 expression in non-small cell lung carcinomas tissue. Oncol. Lett. 2015, 10, 3581–3584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Noske, A.; Loibl, S.; Darb-Esfahani, S.; Roller, M.; Kronenwett, R.; Müller, B.M.; Steffen, J.; von Toerne, C.; Wirtz, R.; Baumann, I.; et al. Comparison of different approaches for assessment of HER2 expression on protein and mRNA level: Prediction of chemotherapy response in the neoadjuvant GeparTrio trial (NCT00544765). Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2011, 126, 109–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Narrandes, S.; Xu, W. Gene Expression Detection Assay for Cancer Clinical Use. J. Cancer 2018, 9, 2249–2265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hopkins, C.; Browne, J.P.; Slack, R.; Lund, V.; Brown, P. The Lund-Mackay staging system for chronic rhinosinusitis: How is it used and what does it predict? Otolaryngol.—Head Neck Surg. 2007, 137, 555–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hopkins, C.; Gillett, S.; Slack, R.; Lund, V.J.; Browne, J.P. Psychometric validity of the 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test. Clin. Otolaryngol. 2009, 34, 447–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lund, V.J.; Kennedy, D.W. Staging for rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol.—Head Neck Surg. 1997, 117, S35–S40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borkowska, E.M.; Konecki, T.; Pietrusinński, M.; Borowiec, M.; Jabłonowski, Z. MicroRNAs Which Can Prognosticate Agressiveness of Bladder Cancer. Cancers 2019, 11, 1551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gavazaj, F.Q.; Mikerezi, I.I.; Morina, V.H.; Cakaj, F.A.; Maloku, E.B.; Gavazaj, B.B.; Kastrati, D.S.; Duriqi-Maloku, D.A. Optimization of DNA concentration to amplify short tandem repeats of human genomic DNA. Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2012, 12, 236–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Malik, B.; Elkaddi, N.; Turkistani, J.; Spielman, A.I.; Ozdener, M.H. Mammalian Taste Cells Express Functional Olfactory Receptors. Chem. Senses 2019, 44, 289–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaji, I.; Karaki, S.; Fukami, Y.; Terasaki, M.; Kuwahara, A. Secretory effects of a luminal bitter tastant and expressions of bitter taste receptors, T2Rs, in the human and rat large intestine. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2009, 296, G971–G981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McNemar, Q. Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages. Psychometrika 1947, 12, 153–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pearson, K. Test chi2. On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Lond. Edinb. Dublin Philos. Mag. J. Sci. 1990, 50, 157–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Control Group (N = 39) | Study Group (N = 107) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | F | 14 (35.90%) | 44 (51.12%) |
M | 25 (64.10%) | 63 (58.88%) | |
Mean Age (SD) | 37.90 (12.29) | 46.27 (13.74) | |
Weight | 78.92 (11.92) | 80.59 (16.52) | |
Height | 172 (9.81) | 173 (9.23) | |
BMI | 26.68 (4.46) | 26.89 (4.61) | |
PTC tasting | 0 | 13 (33,33%) | 35 (32.71%) |
1 | 26 (66.67%) | 72 (67.29%) | |
H-1 blockers | 0 | 37 (94.87%) | 66 (61.68%) |
1 | 2 (5.13%) | 41 (38.32%) | |
Topical steroids | 0 | 36 (92.31%) | 44 (41.12%) |
1 | 3 (7.69%) | 63 (58.88%) | |
Systemic steroids | 0 | 39 (100.00%) | 101 (94.39%) |
1 | 0 (0.00%) | 6 (5.61%) | |
Seasonal allergies | 0 | 38 (97.44%) | 84 (78.50%) |
1 | 1 (2.56%) | 23 (21.50%) | |
Year-round allergies | 0 | 36 (92.31%) | 78 (72.90%) |
1 | 3 (7.69%) | 29 (27.10%) | |
Tobacco usage | 12 (30.77%) | 16 (14.95%) | |
Median SNOT-22 score (IQR) | 32 (27–37) | ||
VAS score | 0–3 | 55 (51.40%) | |
4–7 | 29 (27.10%) | ||
8–10 | 23 (21.50%) | ||
Lund Kennedy score | 0–2 | 59 (55.14%) | |
3–4 | 45 (42.06%) | ||
5–6 | 3 (2.80%) | ||
Median Lund-Mackay score (IQR) | 9 (6–14) |
Count of Non-Zero Expression Samples | CoV ITM | CoV Polyp | CoV Total | Wilcoxon p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-actin | 219 | 10.96% | 19.62% | 16.14% | 0.092 |
GAPDH | 190 | 9.15% | 10.92% | 10.07% | 0.335 |
18S | 226 | 21.84% | 27.01% | 28.30% | 0.003 |
Control Group (N = 28) | Study Group (N = 43) | |
---|---|---|
Inferior turbinate mucosa | 0.000123 (0.00042–0.00078) | 0.00013 (0.00006–0.00028) |
Polyp | X | 0.00017 (0.00004–0.00078) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jeruzal-Świątecka, J.; Borkowska, E.; Łaszczych, M.; Nowicka, Z.; Pietruszewska, W. TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137345
Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Borkowska E, Łaszczych M, Nowicka Z, Pietruszewska W. TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(13):7345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137345
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeruzal-Świątecka, Joanna, Edyta Borkowska, Mateusz Łaszczych, Zuzanna Nowicka, and Wioletta Pietruszewska. 2022. "TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13: 7345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137345