Muscle and Adipose Tissue Communicate with Extracellular Vesicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Different Types of Extracellular Vesicles
3. Biological Effects of Adipose Tissue-Released EVs on Muscle Cell Homeostasis
3.1. Adipose Tissue and Cardiac Cells
3.1.1. Epicardiac Adipocyte-Derived EVs
3.1.2. Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived EVs
3.2. Adipose Tissue and Smooth Muscle Cells
3.2.1. Perivascular Adipocyte-Derived EVs
3.2.2. Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived EVs
3.3. Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle Cells
3.3.1. Adipocyte-Derived EVs
3.3.2. Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived EVs
3.3.3. Adipose Tissue Macrophage-Derived EVs
3.4. Conclusion 1
- This work highlights the important role of miRNAs conveyed by EVs released by the different cell types that compose adipose tissue. It is likely that these miRNAs have a synergic role and that it is their combined action that contributes to the deterioration of muscle tissue in obesity. It would now be interesting to determine how the other constituents of EVs (lipids, proteins, and other ncRNAs) also contribute to the effects of these various EVs. Indeed, it is presently not known how obesity impacts the lipid composition of these EVs, which is an important parameter for EV incorporation into target cells, and which might also participate in the transfer of deleterious lipids between adipose tissue and muscle cells.
- It also appears that, within adipose tissue, EVs from mesenchymal stem cells have an important function in the maintenance and regeneration of muscle tissue, i.e., a protective effect on myocardium, the modulation of the microenvironment of smooth muscle cells, and the stimulation of SkM muscle regeneration. In the context of obesity, it seems clear that EVs from the adipocytes and macrophages of adipose tissue participate in alterations of SkM metabolic functions, e.g., the alteration of cardiac and smooth muscle cell contraction, the alteration of skeletal muscle and cardiac cell glucose uptake, and energy metabolism. On the other hand, the consequences of obesity on communication between mesenchymal stem cells and muscles through the EV route are not known. It would now be interesting to determine if mesenchymal stem cell-EVs keep their beneficial potential on muscle cells during obesity, if we want to consider stem cell-EVs as a mode of therapy to restore muscle mass.
4. Biological Action of Skeletal Muscle-Released EVs on Adipose Tissue Homeostasis
4.1. Muscle-Released EVs Healthy Context
4.2. Muscle-Released EVs in Obesity
4.3. Muscle-Released EVs and Development of Adipose Tissue
4.4. Conclusion 2
- Until now, the role of muscle EVs on adipose tissue homeostasis has been little studied. It was already known that, during muscle contractions, muscles secrete myokines which, by mobilizing fat from adipose tissue, contribute to the health effect of physical activity. With the studies mentioned above, it appears that skeletal muscle uses the EV pathway to control its homeostasis at the expense of the development of adipose tissue. This situation might start early, during vertebrate development. The control of adipose tissue expansion by muscle cell EVs is a new concept that needs further studies to determine which components of muscle EVs participate to this crosstalk.
- Obesity is often studied as a disease of adipose tissue (AT), and until now, the studies on crosstalk between this tissue and muscles have been focused on the role of AT-EVs in the alteration of muscle homeostasis. The few works described above indicate that, in addition to myokines, muscle EVs might participate quite early in the progressive dysfunction of the adipose tissue associated with obesity. Indeed, muscle insulin resistance appears before insulin resistance in other insulin-sensitive tissues during obesity-induced type 2 diabetes [65], suggesting that EVs from insulin-resistant muscles, by inducing the storage of lipids in adipose tissue, could induce this dysfunction. This hypothesis needs to be validated with in vivo experiments and for each type of muscle.
5. Perspectives
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Rome, S. Muscle and Adipose Tissue Communicate with Extracellular Vesicles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137052
Rome S. Muscle and Adipose Tissue Communicate with Extracellular Vesicles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(13):7052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137052
Chicago/Turabian StyleRome, Sophie. 2022. "Muscle and Adipose Tissue Communicate with Extracellular Vesicles" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13: 7052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137052