Newly Emerged Antiviral Strategies for SARS-CoV-2: From Deciphering Viral Protein Structural Function to the Development of Vaccines, Antibodies, and Small Molecules
Abstract
:1. Introduction of COVID-19
1.1. COVID-19 Pandemic
1.2. Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2
1.3. Nonstructural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2
1.4. Accessory Proteins
2. Vaccine Approach to Prevent Infection
2.1. SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccines
2.2. Protein-Based Vaccines
2.3. Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines
2.3.1. DNA Vaccine
2.3.2. mRNA Vaccine
2.3.3. Circular RNA (circRNA) Vaccine
3. Antiviral Antibodies
3.1. Monoclonal Antibody
3.1.1. Monoclonal Antibody from Human Patients
3.1.2. Nanoparticle Antibody
3.1.3. Cross-Neutralizer Antibody (Across SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1)
3.1.4. Constructed Cobinding Antibody Using Paired or Multiple IgG Sequences
3.1.5. Dual Functional Monoclonal Antibody
3.2. Antibody Cocktail
3.3. Engineered Bispecific Monoclonal Antibody
4. Peptide-Based Inhibitor
5. Chemical Compounds
6. CRISPR Cas Technology
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
References
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Protein | Durg Target | Chemical Compound | Clinical Number | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spike | RBD/ACE2 blocker | Atorvastatin | NCT04380402 | Phase 2 |
Telmisartan | NCT04355936 | Completed | ||
Chloroquine | NCT04303507 | N/A | ||
NSP3 | Papain-like protease | Diosmin/Hesperidin (ACE2) | NCT04452799 | Early Phase 1 |
NSP5 | 3CLpro | Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) | NCT04960202 NCT05047601 NCT05011513 | FDA approved |
Ritonavir (Paxlovid) | ||||
NSP12 | RdRp | Veklury (remdesivir) | NCT04292730 | FDA approved |
Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) | NCT04575597 | FDA approved for EUA | ||
Sofosbuvir | NCT04460443 | Phase 2 | ||
NSP13 | Helicase | Nintedanib | NCT04541680 | Phase 3 |
NSP14 | Endoribonuclease (3′-5′) | Nitazoxanide | NCT04561219 | Phase 2 |
NSP15 | Uridine-specific endoribonuclease | Paritaprevir | NCT02504099 | N/A |
NSP16 | Methyltransferase | Bemcentinib | NCT04890509 | Phase 2 |
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Zhang, C.; Yang, M. Newly Emerged Antiviral Strategies for SARS-CoV-2: From Deciphering Viral Protein Structural Function to the Development of Vaccines, Antibodies, and Small Molecules. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 6083. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116083
Zhang C, Yang M. Newly Emerged Antiviral Strategies for SARS-CoV-2: From Deciphering Viral Protein Structural Function to the Development of Vaccines, Antibodies, and Small Molecules. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(11):6083. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116083
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Chunye, and Ming Yang. 2022. "Newly Emerged Antiviral Strategies for SARS-CoV-2: From Deciphering Viral Protein Structural Function to the Development of Vaccines, Antibodies, and Small Molecules" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11: 6083. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116083