Analytical and Theoretical Studies of Antioxidant Properties of Chosen Anthocyanins; A Structure-Dependent Relationships
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Antioxidant Activity and Free-Radical Scavenging Activity
2.2. Theoretical Investigation
2.2.1. Dissociations Constants and Deprotonation Routes
2.2.2. Electronic Structure Properties
2.2.3. Electron and Hydrogen Donating Ability Map of Antioxidants
2.2.4. Thermochemistry
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Liposome Preparation
3.3. Liposome Oxidation Assay
3.4. Free-Radical Scavenging Assay
3.5. Computational Studies
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Abbreviations | R1 | R2 | R3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peonidin | Pn | -OH | -OCH3 | -H |
Peonidin 3-O-glucoside | Pn 3-glc | Glc | -OCH3 | -H |
Petunidin | Pt | -OH | -OH | -OCH3 |
Petunidin 3-O-glucoside | Pt 3-glc | Glc | -OH | -OCH3 |
Delphinidin | Dp | -OH | -OH | -OH |
Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside | Dp 3-glc | Glc | -OH | -OH |
pKa1 | pKa2 | pKa3 | pKa4 | pKa5 | pKa6 | Mf+ | Mf0 | Mf− | Mf2− | Mf3− | Mf4− | Mf5− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dp | 3.55 | 7.29 | 7.94 | 9.39 | 12.42 | 14.03 | 0.01 | 37.54 | 48.36 | 13.95 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.00 |
Dp 3-glc | 3.64 | 6.27 | 8.34 | 12.02 | 13.21 | - | 0.00 | 6.23 | 84.11 | 9.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - |
Pn | 4.94 | 7.11 | 8.43 | 9.80 | - | - | 0.11 | 31.71 | 62.30 | 5.86 | 0.02 | - | - |
Pn 3-glc | 5.12 | 6.54 | 8.42 | - | - | - | 0.06 | 11.18 | 81.02 | 7.74 | - | - | - |
Pt | 4.88 | 6.84 | 8.29 | 9.07 | 11.93 | - | 0.06 | 19.63 | 71.06 | 9.05 | 0.19 | 0.00 | - |
Pt 3-glc | 5.14 | 7.28 | 7.85 | 10.98 | - | - | 0.20 | 35.82 | 47.22 | 16.76 | 0.00 | - | - |
Pentyl Ethanoate | Water | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ | 0 | − | 2− | 3− | |||||||||
BDE | IP | BDE | IP | BDE | IP | BDE | IP | BDE | IP | BDE | IP | ||
Dp | C3 | 77.4 | 152.0 | 70.2 | 96.6 | 82.6 | 74.1 | 67.4 | |||||
C3′ | 78.5 | 75.8 | 71.7 | 66.4 | 62.3 | ||||||||
C4′ | 75.4 | ||||||||||||
C5 | 81.3 | 74.5 | 64.2 | 61.6 | |||||||||
C5′ | 82.0 | 75.4 | 70.2 | 66.9 | 63.0 | ||||||||
C7 | 83.6 | 74.1 | 63.7 | ||||||||||
Dp 3-glc | C3 | -Glu | 152.2 | -Glu | 96.7 | -Glc | 89.2 | -Glc | 83.7 | ||||
C3′ | 82.4 | 74.5 | 70.7 | 68.4 | |||||||||
C4′ | 75.0 | ||||||||||||
C5 | 77.7 | 73.6 | |||||||||||
C5′ | 78.9 | 73.7 | 71.1 | 68.6 | |||||||||
C7 | 84.3 | 74.9 | 74.6 | ||||||||||
Pn | C3 | 74.8 | 154.3 | 78.4 | 118.8 | 71.4 | 102.2 | 66.9 | 96.1 | 75.7 | |||
C4′ | 81.9 | 80.6 | 78.4 | 75.8 | 61.3 | ||||||||
C5 | 79.7 | 82.4 | |||||||||||
C7 | 85.0 | 87.1 | 83.1 | ||||||||||
Pn 3-glc | C3 | -Glu | 152.4 | -Glc | 103.8 | -Glc | 96.0 | -Glc | 84.9 | ||||
C4′ | 77.2 | 78.0 | 76.0 | ||||||||||
C5 | 79.7 | 84.1 | |||||||||||
C7 | 82.2 | ||||||||||||
Pt | C3 | 75.1 | 153.5 | 71.6 | 103.0 | 67.7 | 96.8 | 66.3 | 87.4 | 73.1 | |||
C3′ | 77.8 | 79.2 | 78.2 | ||||||||||
C4′ | 77.6 | 77.0 | 75.0 | 66.4 | 61.5 | ||||||||
C5 | 79.8 | ||||||||||||
C7 | 85.7 | 83.0 | |||||||||||
Pt 3-glc | C3 | -Glu | 151.1 | -Glc | 116.6 | -Glc | 95.0 | -Glc | 85.5 | -Glc | 81.9 | ||
C3′ | 77.9 | 80.8 | 72.2 | 67.3 | 64.7 | ||||||||
C4′ | 76.2 | 76.2 | |||||||||||
C5 | 83.4 | 84.0 | 75.0 | 71.4 | |||||||||
C7 | 84.0 | 85.9 | 73.2 |
+ | 0 | − | 2− | 3− | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dp | C3 | −2.0 | ||||
C3′ | 3.6 | −0.5 | −5.8 | −10.0 | ||
C4′ | ||||||
C5 | 2.3 | −8.0 | −10.6 | |||
C5′ | 3.2 | −2.1 | −5.3 | −9.2 | ||
C7 | 1.9 | −8.5 | ||||
Dp 3-glc | C3 | -Glc | -Glc | -Glc | -Glc | -Glc |
C3′ | 2.3 | −1.5 | −3.8 | |||
C4′ | ||||||
C5 | 1.4 | |||||
C5′ | 1.5 | −1.1 | −3.6 | |||
C7 | 2.7 | 2.4 | ||||
Pn | C3 | 6.2 | −0.9 | −5.3 | ||
C4′ | 8.4 | 6.2 | 3.6 | −10.9 | ||
C5 | 10.1 | 10.9 | ||||
C7 | 14.8 | |||||
Pn 3-glc | C3 | -Glc | -Glc | -Glc | -Glc | -Glc |
C4′ | 5.8 | 3.8 | ||||
C5 | 11.9 | |||||
C7 | ||||||
Pt | C3 | −0.6 | −4.5 | −5.9 | ||
C3′ | 6.9 | 5.9 | ||||
C4′ | 4.7 | 2.8 | −5.8 | −10.7 | ||
C5 | ||||||
C7 | 10.8 | |||||
Pt 3-glc | C3 | -Glc | -Glc | -Glc | -Glc | -Glc |
C3′ | 8.5 | 0.0 | −4.9 | −7.5 | ||
C4′ | 4.0 | |||||
C5 | 11.7 | 2.8 | −0.9 | |||
C7 | 13.6 | 1.0 |
+ | 0 | 1− | 2− | 3− | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔG≠ | k | ΔG≠ | k | ΔG≠ | k | ΔG≠ | k | ΔG≠ | k | |
Dp | 12.1 | 8.3 × 103 | 3.4 | 5.4 × 109 | 0.8 | 7.4 × 109 | 0.0 | 7.5 × 109 | ||
Dp 3-glc | 12.3 | 6.0 × 103 | 6.8 | 6.5 × 107 | 3.8 | 4.3 × 109 | ||||
Pn | 39.2 | 1.1 × 10−16 | 17.7 | 7.0 × 10−1 | 11.6 | 1.9 × 104 | 0.7 | 7.5 × 109 | ||
Pn 3-glc | 19.3 | 4.2 × 10−2 | 11.5 | 2.12 × 104 | 4.2 | 3.1 × 109 | ||||
Pt | 18.8 | 1.1 × 10−1 | 12.2 | 6.8 × 103 | 5.6 | 4.6 × 108 | 0.4 | 2.0 × 109 | ||
Pt 3-glc | 35.6 | 4.7 × 10−14 | 10.9 | 6.0 × 104 | 4.7 | 1.7 × 109 | 3.3 | 4.8 × 109 |
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Dudek, A.; Spiegel, M.; Strugała-Danak, P.; Gabrielska, J. Analytical and Theoretical Studies of Antioxidant Properties of Chosen Anthocyanins; A Structure-Dependent Relationships. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105432
Dudek A, Spiegel M, Strugała-Danak P, Gabrielska J. Analytical and Theoretical Studies of Antioxidant Properties of Chosen Anthocyanins; A Structure-Dependent Relationships. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(10):5432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105432
Chicago/Turabian StyleDudek, Anita, Maciej Spiegel, Paulina Strugała-Danak, and Janina Gabrielska. 2022. "Analytical and Theoretical Studies of Antioxidant Properties of Chosen Anthocyanins; A Structure-Dependent Relationships" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10: 5432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105432