Endothelin ETB Receptor-Mediated Astrocytic Activation: Pathological Roles in Brain Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Endothelin
2.1. Endothelin Ligands
2.2. Endothelin Receptors
2.3. Endothelin Agonists and Antagonists
3. ET System in the Brain
4. ETB-receptors-mediated Astrocytic Activation
5. Roles of Astrocytic ETB Receptors in Brain Disorders
5.1. Alzheimer’s Disease
5.2. Brain Ischemia
5.3. Neuropathic Pain
5.4. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agonist | Antagonist | |
---|---|---|
ET receptor non-selective | ET-1 | Bosentan, Macitentan |
ETA selective | sarafotoxin 6b | Ambrisentan, Sitaxsentan, Atrasentan, Clazosentan, Zibotentan, S-0139, SB234551, Ro-61-1790 |
ETB selective | sarafotoxin 6c, IRL-1620, BQ3020, Ala1,3,11,15-ET-1 | BQ788, IRL-2500, A192621, RES-701-1 |
Neurotrophic Factors | Vascular Permeability Regulators | Others | |
---|---|---|---|
Up-regulation | GDNF [72], BDNF [111], NGF [112] | VEGF [119], MMP2 [120], MMP3 [73], MMP9 [71,120] ET-1 [24] | CCL2/MCP-1 [122], CXCL1/CINC-1 [122] |
Down-regulation | angiopoietin-1 [119,121] sonic hedgehog [123] | CX3CL1/fractalkine [122], ephrin-A2, -A4, -B2, -B3 [124] |
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Koyama, Y. Endothelin ETB Receptor-Mediated Astrocytic Activation: Pathological Roles in Brain Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094333
Koyama Y. Endothelin ETB Receptor-Mediated Astrocytic Activation: Pathological Roles in Brain Disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(9):4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094333
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoyama, Yutaka. 2021. "Endothelin ETB Receptor-Mediated Astrocytic Activation: Pathological Roles in Brain Disorders" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9: 4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094333