Vitamin D and Microbiota: Is There a Link with Allergies?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microbiome and Microbiota
2.1. Intestinal Microbiota
2.2. Airway Microbiota
2.3. Skin Microbiota
3. Vitamin D
3.1. Synthesis and Metabolism
3.2. Mechanism of Action
3.3. Systemic Effects and Deficiency
4. Linking Vitamin D, the Microbiome, and the Immune System
4.1. Innate Immune System
Innate Lymphoid Cells
4.2. Adaptive Immune System
4.2.1. T Lymphocytes
4.2.2. B Lymphocytes
4.3. Other Interactions
4.3.1. Microbiome Composition
4.3.2. Intestinal Barrier Integrity
4.3.3. Short-Chain Fatty Acids
4.3.4. Oxidative Stress
5. Focus on Specific Allergies
5.1. Asthma
5.2. Atopic Dermatitis
5.3. Food Allergy
6. The Controversial Use of Probiotics in the Prevention and Treatment of Allergies
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Murdaca, G.; Gerosa, A.; Paladin, F.; Petrocchi, L.; Banchero, S.; Gangemi, S. Vitamin D and Microbiota: Is There a Link with Allergies? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084288
Murdaca G, Gerosa A, Paladin F, Petrocchi L, Banchero S, Gangemi S. Vitamin D and Microbiota: Is There a Link with Allergies? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(8):4288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084288
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurdaca, Giuseppe, Alessandra Gerosa, Francesca Paladin, Lorena Petrocchi, Sara Banchero, and Sebastiano Gangemi. 2021. "Vitamin D and Microbiota: Is There a Link with Allergies?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8: 4288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084288