Coaxial Alginate Hydrogels: From Self-Assembled 3D Cellular Constructs to Long-Term Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of the Electrospraying Process Parameters on the Size of Core-Shell Capsules
2.2. Evaluation of Structural Properties of Core-Shell Capsules
2.3. Storage Stability and Swelling Behaviour
2.4. Effect of the Core-Shell Capsules and Solid Beads on the Cell Viability
2.5. Selection of Parameters for the Cryopreservation of Cell-Free Core-Shell Capsules
2.6. Effect of the Cryopreservation on Cell-Encapsulated Core-Shell Capsules
3. Discussion
3.1. Reproducible Production of Core-Shell Capsules Using Coaxial Electrospraying
3.2. Structural Peculiarities and Swelling Behaviour of the Core-Shell Capsules and Solid Beads
3.3. Core-Shell Capsules Are Superior to Solid Beads in Terms of Long-Term Cell Culture and Formation of 3D Self-Assembled Cellular Structures
3.4. Steps towards Efficient Cryopreservation
3.5. Future Prospects and Limitations
3.5.1. Application of Alginates of Clinical Grade
3.5.2. Efficiency of Formation of Self-Organized Cellular Structures
3.5.3. Preservation of the Alginate Membrane Integrity and Mechanical Properties of Formed Hydrogel Constructs after Cryopreservation
3.5.4. Effect of Hydrogel Material Properties on the Encapsulated Cells
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of Core-Shell Capsules and Solid Beads
4.2. RAMAN Spectroscopy, Water Content and Swelling Behaviour
4.3. Cell Culture and Encapsulation
4.4. Cryopreservation
4.4.1. Cryopreservation of Cell-Free Core-Shell Capsules
4.4.2. Cryopreservation of Cell-Laden Core-Shell Capsules
4.5. Analysis of the Cell Viability, Metabolic Activity, Cell–Cell and Cell-Scaffold Interactions
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Core-Shell Capsules (n = 15) | Solid Beads (n = 15) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
LV | MV | LV | MV | |
Hydrogel weight *, mg | 175.8 ± 2.7 | 225.7 ± 2.5 | 180.0 ± 12.2 | 212.6 ± 2.5 |
Dry weight *, mg | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 10.4 ± 0.2 |
Water uptake (Wu), % | 96.4 ± 0.2 | 95.9 ± 0.2 | 95.8 ± 0.4 | 95.1 ± 0.1 |
Water content (Wc), mgwater/mgdry | 26.7 ± 1.4 | 23.4 ± 0.9 | 22.7 ± 2.1 | 19.5 ± 0.3 |
Test/Analysis | Alginate Concentration and Type, % | Type of Nozzles (Inner—Outer) | Voltage, kV | Spraying Distance, cm | Inner to Outer Nozzle Distance, mm | Flow Rates (Outer:Inner), mL/h:mL/h | Gelling Time, min |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density, viscosity, conductivity | 1.5% LV 2.0% LV | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Main optimisation studies * | 1.5% LV caps | 21G–14G | 0–17.5 | 5–10 | 0–1.0 | 4:2–50:10 | 30 |
2.0% LV caps | 21G–14G | 0–1.0 | 4:2–50:10 | ||||
2.0% LV beads | 14G | - | |||||
2.0% MV caps | 21G–14G | 0–1.0 | 4:2–50:10 | ||||
2.0% MV beads | 14G | - | |||||
RAMAN spectroscopy, water content, swelling | 2.0% LV caps | 21G–14G | 9.5 | 5 | 0.5 | 20:4 | 30 |
2.0% LV beads | 14G | 9.5 | 5 | - | 20 | ||
2.0% MV caps | 21G–14G | 6.5 | 5 | 0.5 | 20:4 | ||
2.0% MV beads | 14G | 6.5 | 5 | - | 20 | ||
Fluorescent staining (cjaMSC-laden) | 2.0% LV caps | 21G–14G | 12 | 10 | 0.5 | 50:15 | 30 |
2.0% LV beads | 14G | 12 | 10 | - | 50 | ||
2.0% MV caps | 21G–14G | 10 | 10 | 0.5 | 50:10 | ||
Cryopreservation (cell-free) | 2.0% LV caps 2.0% MV caps | 21G–14G | 10 | 5 | 0.5 | 40:8 | 30 |
Histology, cryopreservation (cell-laden) | 2.0% LV caps | 21G–14G | 0 | 5 | 0.5 | 40:8 | 30 |
Metabolic activity (hdMSC-laden) | 2.0% LV caps | 21G–14G | 7 | 4 | 0.5 | 40:10 | 15 |
2.0% LV beads | 14G | 7 | 4 | - | 40 | 15 | |
hESCs encapsulation | 1.5% LV caps | 21G–14G | 18 | 10 | 0.5 | 40:10 | 30 |
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Gryshkov, O.; Mutsenko, V.; Tarusin, D.; Khayyat, D.; Naujok, O.; Riabchenko, E.; Nemirovska, Y.; Danilov, A.; Petrenko, A.Y.; Glasmacher, B. Coaxial Alginate Hydrogels: From Self-Assembled 3D Cellular Constructs to Long-Term Storage. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063096
Gryshkov O, Mutsenko V, Tarusin D, Khayyat D, Naujok O, Riabchenko E, Nemirovska Y, Danilov A, Petrenko AY, Glasmacher B. Coaxial Alginate Hydrogels: From Self-Assembled 3D Cellular Constructs to Long-Term Storage. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(6):3096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063096
Chicago/Turabian StyleGryshkov, Oleksandr, Vitalii Mutsenko, Dmytro Tarusin, Diaa Khayyat, Ortwin Naujok, Ekaterina Riabchenko, Yuliia Nemirovska, Arseny Danilov, Alexander Y. Petrenko, and Birgit Glasmacher. 2021. "Coaxial Alginate Hydrogels: From Self-Assembled 3D Cellular Constructs to Long-Term Storage" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6: 3096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063096