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Volume 22
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10.3390/ijms22030985
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Review

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Insights into the Interplay between Environmental Factors and PPARγ

by
Giulia Caioni
1,
Angelo Viscido
1,
Michele d’Angelo
1,
Gloria Panella
1,2,
Vanessa Castelli
1,
Carmine Merola
2,
Giuseppe Frieri
1,
Giovanni Latella
1,
Annamaria Cimini
1,3 and
Elisabetta Benedetti
1,*
1
Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
2
Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
3
Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(3), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030985
Submission received: 23 December 2020 / Revised: 14 January 2021 / Accepted: 18 January 2021 / Published: 20 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulatory Role of PPARs in the Disease)
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Abstract

The pathophysiological processes of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), i.e., Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are still not completely understood. The exact etiology remains unknown, but it is well established that the pathogenesis of the inflammatory lesions is due to a dysregulation of the gut immune system resulting in over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Increasing evidence underlines the involvement of both environmental and genetic factors. Regarding the environment, the microbiota seems to play a crucial role. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that exert pleiotropic effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, inflammatory/immune processes, cell proliferation, and fibrosis. Furthermore, PPARs modulate interactions with several environmental factors, including microbiota. A significantly impaired PPARγ expression was observed in UC patients’ colonic epithelial cells, suggesting that the disruption of PPARγ signaling may represent a critical step of the IBD pathogenesis. This paper will focus on the role of PPARγ in the interaction between environmental factors and IBD, and it will analyze the most suitable in vitro and in vivo models available to better study these relationships.
Keywords: PPARγ; pathophysiological processes of IBD; environmental factors; IBD models PPARγ; pathophysiological processes of IBD; environmental factors; IBD models

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MDPI and ACS Style

Caioni, G.; Viscido, A.; d’Angelo, M.; Panella, G.; Castelli, V.; Merola, C.; Frieri, G.; Latella, G.; Cimini, A.; Benedetti, E. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Insights into the Interplay between Environmental Factors and PPARγ. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030985

AMA Style

Caioni G, Viscido A, d’Angelo M, Panella G, Castelli V, Merola C, Frieri G, Latella G, Cimini A, Benedetti E. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Insights into the Interplay between Environmental Factors and PPARγ. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(3):985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030985

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caioni, Giulia, Angelo Viscido, Michele d’Angelo, Gloria Panella, Vanessa Castelli, Carmine Merola, Giuseppe Frieri, Giovanni Latella, Annamaria Cimini, and Elisabetta Benedetti. 2021. "Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Insights into the Interplay between Environmental Factors and PPARγ" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3: 985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030985

APA Style

Caioni, G., Viscido, A., d’Angelo, M., Panella, G., Castelli, V., Merola, C., Frieri, G., Latella, G., Cimini, A., & Benedetti, E. (2021). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Insights into the Interplay between Environmental Factors and PPARγ. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(3), 985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030985

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