Refinement and Neutralization Evaluation of the F(ab’)2 Type of Antivenom against the Deadly Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai Toxins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Preparation and Isolation of IgG-AntiNnTXs
2.2. Refinement of F(ab’)2 Fragments of IgG-AntiNnTXs
2.3. Purification of F(ab’)2-AntiNnTXs by Size-Exclusion Chromatography
2.4. Purification of F(ab’)2-AntiNnTXs by Protein A
2.5. In Vitro Neutralization Assay of Metalloproteinase Activity
2.6. In Vitro Neutralization Assay of Hemolytic Activity
2.7. In Vitro Neutralization Assay of PLA2 Activity
2.8. In Vivo Neutralization Assay
2.9. LC-MS/MS and Bioinformatics Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation and Inactivation of Jellyfish N. nomurai Toxins (NnTXs)
4.2. Animal Immunization and Antiserum Preparation
4.3. Isolation of NnTXs Antibody from Antiserum
4.4. Refinement of F(ab’)2 Fragments of IgG-AntiNnTXs
4.5. Purification of F(ab’)2-AntiNnTXs
4.6. Neutralization Assay of the Antivenoms
4.6.1. In Vitro Neutralization Assay of Metalloproteinase Activity
4.6.2. In Vitro Neutralization Assay of Hemolysis Activity
4.6.3. In Vitro Neutralization Assay of Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) Activity
4.6.4. In Vivo Neutralization Assay of the Antivenom
4.7. LC-MS/MS and Bioinformatics Analysis of Antivenom
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Year | Gender | Age | Location | Death Reasons |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2015 | Female | 4 | Dalian, China | Unknown |
2 | 2014 | Male | 20 | Qingdao, China | Expiratory dyspnea |
3 | 2014 | Male | 31 | Dalian, China | Acute pulmonary edema |
4 | 2013 | Male | 8 | Qinhuangdao, China | Acute pulmonary edema |
5 | 2012 | Female | 47 | Qinhuangdao, China | Acute pulmonary edema, allergy |
6 | 2012 | Female | 8 | Incheon, Korea | Acute pulmonary edema [9] |
7 | 2007 | Male | 50 | Weihai, China | Acute pulmonary edema [10] |
8 | 2007 | Female | 47 | Weihai, China | Acute pulmonary edema [10] |
9 | 2007 | Female | 22 | Weihai, China | Acute pulmonary edema [10] |
10 | 2006 | Female | 9 | Yingkou, China | Unknown |
11 | 2006 | Female | 35 | Yingkou, China | Multiple-organ failure |
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Li, R.; Yu, H.; Li, A.; Yu, C.; Li, P. Refinement and Neutralization Evaluation of the F(ab’)2 Type of Antivenom against the Deadly Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai Toxins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312672
Li R, Yu H, Li A, Yu C, Li P. Refinement and Neutralization Evaluation of the F(ab’)2 Type of Antivenom against the Deadly Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai Toxins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(23):12672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312672
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Rongfeng, Huahua Yu, Aoyu Li, Chunlin Yu, and Pengcheng Li. 2021. "Refinement and Neutralization Evaluation of the F(ab’)2 Type of Antivenom against the Deadly Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai Toxins" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23: 12672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312672