Functional Studies of Plant Latex as a Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Proteins and Alkaloids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diversity and Role of Latex in Plant Physiology
3. Main Components of Latex-Secondary Metabolites
4. Spectrum of Latex Proteins
PR Proteins | Function | Latex-Bearing Plant Species | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
PR 2 | β-1,3-glucanases | Chelidonium majus Hevea brasiliensis | [78,83] |
PR 3 | Class I, II, IV, V, VI, VII Chitinases | Chelidonium majus Hevea brasiliensis | [78,83] |
PR 4 | Class I, II Chitinases | Chelidonium majus Hevea brasiliensis Carica papaya | [45,78,83] |
PR 5 | Thaumatin-like proteins | Chelidonium majus Hevea brasiliensis | [78,83] |
PR 6 | Proteinase inhibitor | Hevea brasiliensis Ficus carica Carica papaya | [44,45,83] |
PR 7 | Endoproteinase | Chelidonium majus Hevea brasiliensis | [78,83] |
PR 8 | Class III Chitinase | Hevea brasiliensis | [83] |
PR 9 | Peroxidase | Chelidonium majus Hevea brasiliensis Papaver somniferum | [78,83,84] |
PR 10 | Ribonuclease-like proteins | Chelidonium majus Papaver somniferum | [78,84] |
PR 11 | Class I Chitinase | Chelidonium majus | [78] |
PR 12 | Defensin | Chelidonium majus Hevea brasiliensis | [78,83] |
PR 14 | Lipid-transfer protein | Chelidonium majus Hevea brasiliensis | [78,83] |
PR 15 | Oxalate oxidase | Chelidonium majus | [78] |
PR 16 | Oxidase-like | Chelidonium majus | [78] |
PR 17 | Antifungal and antiviral | Chelidonium majus | [78] |
5. Biomedical Properties of Latex from Selected Plants with the Focus on Chelidonium majus L.
5.1. Antiviral Activity
5.2. Cytotoxicity
5.3. Antimicrobial Activity
5.4. Immunomodulatory Properties
6. CRISPR/Cas 9 System as Future Direction for Functional Analysis of Proteins
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Line of Defense | Type of Action | Predominant Proteins and Compounds |
---|---|---|
1st | Mechanical damage | PPO, LOX (latex stickiness, different chemicals) |
2nd | Oxidative burst | POX, LOX et al. |
3rd | Antiviral activity | MLP, GRP (RNase/DNase activity, nucleic acid binding) |
Latex-Bearing Plant Species | Examined Bacteria | Examined Fungi | Bioactive Compounds | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aloe harlana Reynolds | Bacillus pumilus (82) Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) Escherichia coli (CD/99/1, K88, K99, LT37, ROW 7/12, 3:37C, 306, 872) Salmonella typhi (Ty2) Shigella boydii (D13629) Shigella dysentery 1 Shigella dysentery 8 Shigella flexneri (Type 6) Shigella sonnei 1 Staphylococcus aureus (ML267) Vibrio cholerae (85, 293, 1313, 1315) | Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275) Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) Penicillium funiculosum (NCTC 287) Penicillium notatum (ATCC 11625) | Anthrone (aloin) Chromone (7-O-methylaloeresin A) | [133] |
Aloe weloensis Sebsebe | Enterococcus faecalis Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus | - | Alkaloids Anthraquinone Flavonoids Glycosides Tannins Terpenoids | [134] |
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. | Bacillus subtilis Klebsiella Pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Streptococcus haemolyticus Salmonella typhi | Aspergillus niger Candida albicans | 48-kDa protease (AMP48) | [135,136] |
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton | Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli Klebsiella Pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus haemolyticus Streptococcus pneumoniae | Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger Candida albicans Candida tropicalis Penicillium chrysogenum Saccharomyces cereviciae | - | [137] |
Calotropis gigantea L. | Bacillus cereus Escherichia coli Lactobacillus acidophilus Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus mutans | Candida krusei | Alkaloids Phenolic Steroids Terpenes Cardiac glycoside | [138,139] |
Carica papaya L. | Bacillus subtilis Klebsiella Pneumoniae Streptococcus haemolyticus Salmonella typhi | Aspergillus niger Candida albicans | - | [136] |
Chelidonium majus L. | Aeromonas hydrophila Agrobacterium tumefacians Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtilis Candida albicans Escherichia coli Micrococcus luteus Mycobacterium phlei Salmonella enteritidis Sarcina lutea Staphylococcus aureus | Candida albicans | [127,128,129,130] | |
Euphorbia heterophylla L. | Bacillus subtilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus | Aspergillus niger Fusarium oxysporum Penicillium sp. | Alkaloids Flavonoids Phenols Saponins Steroids Tannins | [140] |
Ficus carica L. | Enterobacter cloacae Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) Escherichia coli Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 2783, ATCC 27950) Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus | - | alpha-Amyrenyl acetate Aristolone Bornanone-3 Lanosta-8 Olean-12-en-3-ol, acetate Urs-12-en-24-oic acid | [141] |
Jatropha gossypifolia L. | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | - | Flavonoids | [142] |
Jatropha multifida L. | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | - | Flavonoids | [142] |
Jatropa carcass L. | Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli Klebsiella Pneumoniae Neisseria gonorrhoea Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus haemolyticus | Aspergillus niger Candida albicans | Alkaloid Glycoside Saponin Steroid Tannin | [136,143,144] |
Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne. | Klebsiella Pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) Salmonella typhi | - | Alkaloids Flavonoids Glycosides Phenolic Proanthocyanidins Saponins Tannins Triterpene | [145] |
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. | Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) Salmonella typhi | - | Alkaloids Flavonoids Phenols Saponins Steroids Tannins Terpenoids | [145] |
Secamone afzelii (Schult.) K.Schum. | Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 Secamone afzelii Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Salmonella typhi | - | Alkaloids Cardiac glycosides Saponins Tannins | [145] |
Thevetia peruviana L. | Bacillus subtilis Klebsiella Pneumoniae Streptococcus haemolyticus Salmonella typhi | Aspergillus niger Candida albicans | - | [136] |
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Gracz-Bernaciak, J.; Mazur, O.; Nawrot, R. Functional Studies of Plant Latex as a Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Proteins and Alkaloids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212427
Gracz-Bernaciak J, Mazur O, Nawrot R. Functional Studies of Plant Latex as a Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Proteins and Alkaloids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212427
Chicago/Turabian StyleGracz-Bernaciak, Joanna, Oliwia Mazur, and Robert Nawrot. 2021. "Functional Studies of Plant Latex as a Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Proteins and Alkaloids" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212427