A Hypothetical Model Suggesting Some Possible Ways That the Progesterone Receptor May Be Involved in Cancer Proliferation
Abstract
:1. Knowledge of Transplant Immunology Has Led to Some Effective Anticancer Therapies
Autologous Immunotherapy
2. The Developing of Malignant Tumors with Neoantigens May Utilize Systems That Provide the Body a Mechanism to Control Self-Tolerance Check-Point Inhibitors
2.1. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Molecule-4 (CTLA-4)
2.2. Programmed Cell Death (PD-1) and Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 and Ligand 2
3. Survival of the Fetal-Placental Unit and Malignant Tumors
3.1. Similarities between Trophoblast and Cancer Cells
3.2. The Role of Distinct Lymphocyte Cell Population in Regulating Feto-Maternal Tolerance and Tolerance to Malignant Tumors
3.3. Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) in the Decidua of the Placenta and Cancer Cells
4. Progesterone Associated Molecules That the Cytoplasmic 34 kDa Splice Variant of PIBF Plays a Role in Fetal-Placental and Malignant Tumor Proliferation and Metastases
4.1. The Importance of Progesterone (P) to Prevent Miscarriage
4.2. The Progesterone Induced Blocking Factor (Alternate Name Progesterone Immunomodulatory Binding Factor 1)
4.3. Evidence That the Cytoplasmic 34 kDa Splice Variant of PIBF Plays a Role in Preventing Immune Rejection of the Fetal-Placental Unit
4.4. Cancer Cell Line Studies to Evaluate Whether PIBF Is Secreted by Cancer Cells and the Effect of P and Anti-PR Drugs on PIBF up and Downregulation
5. Animal and Clinical Trials Using Mifepristone to Inhibit Cancer Progression
5.1. Early Human Clinical Trials with Cancers Positive for the Classical Nuclear P Receptor
5.2. Controlled Studies Evaluating Efficacy of Mifepristone in Improving Quality and Length of Life in Spontaneous Murine Cancers Not Known to Be Associated with the Classical nPR
5.3. Human Experience in Treating Various Advanced Cancers Not Associated with the Classical nPR with Mifepristone
5.4. The Possibility That the Benefits of Mifepristone Treatment for Cancer May Involve Some Protein or Pathway Other Than PIBF
6. Conclusions and Final Thoughts
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Check, J.H.; Check, D.L. A Hypothetical Model Suggesting Some Possible Ways That the Progesterone Receptor May Be Involved in Cancer Proliferation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212351
Check JH, Check DL. A Hypothetical Model Suggesting Some Possible Ways That the Progesterone Receptor May Be Involved in Cancer Proliferation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212351
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheck, Jerome H., and Diane L. Check. 2021. "A Hypothetical Model Suggesting Some Possible Ways That the Progesterone Receptor May Be Involved in Cancer Proliferation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212351