Nectar Chemistry or Flower Morphology—What Is More Important for the Reproductive Success of Generalist Orchid Epipactis palustris in Natural and Anthropogenic Populations?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Floral Display and Flower Structure
2.2. Nectar Chemistry
2.2.1. Sugars
2.2.2. Amino Acids
2.3. Reproductive Success
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Species
4.2. Study Area
4.3. Fieldwork and Floral Trait Measurements
4.4. Nectar Analysis
4.4.1. Nectar Isolation
4.4.2. Sugar and Amino Acid Determination
4.5. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Statistic/Comparison | Natural (Nat.) Populations | Anthropogenic (Ant.) Populations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZAB | ROS | SIL | SOP | ||
Shoot height (cm) | ± SE | 62.59 ± 3.05 a | 51.69 ± 1.61 b | 42.47 ± 1.36 c | 54.62 ± 2.14 b |
Q1 | 51.50 | 47.01 | 37.5 | 43.25 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 64.75 (18.75) | 53 (10) | 42.75 (9) | 56.75 (16.75) | |
Q3 | 70.25 | 57.00 | 46.5. | 60.00 | |
Inflorescence length (cm) | ± SE | 9.43 ± 0.58 b | 10.43 ± 0.53 b | 10.26 ± 0.33 b | 13.46 ± 0.79 a |
Q1 | 7.25 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 10.62 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 9.25 (3.75) | 10 (3.00) | 10.00 (3.00) | 13.50 (5.38) | |
Q3 | 11.00 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 16.00 | |
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | b | b | a | ||
Flower number | ± SE | 9.00 ± 0.54 | 10.66 ± 0.46 | 9.53 ± 0.43 | 11.85 ± 0.81 |
Q1 | 7.00 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 9.25 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 8.00 (4.50) B | 11.00 (3.00) A | 9.00 (1.75) B | 11.00 (5.75) A | |
Q3 | 11.50 | 12.00 | 10.75 | 15.00 | |
Length of dorsal sepal (LDS) (mm) | ± SE | 11.22 ± 0.13 a | 10.01 ± 0.09 c | 10.70 ± 0.10 b | 11.55 ± 0.18 a |
Q1 | 10.64 | 9.56 | 10.33 | 10.99 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 11.37 (1.04) | 9.99 (0.81) | 10.69 (0.66) | 11.34 (1.07) | |
Q3 | 11.68 | 10.37 | 10.99 | 12.06 | |
Width of dorsal sepal (WDS) (mm) | ± SE | 4.48 ± 0.06 a | 3.83 ± 0.05 a | 3.99 ± 0.04 b | 4.37 ± 0.11 b |
Q1 | 4.34 | 3.64 | 3.87 | 4.02 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 4.53 (0.28) | 3.84 (0.31) | 4.02 (0.27) | 4.34 (0.68) | |
Q3 | 4.61 | 3.95 | 4.15 | 4.70 | |
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | a | c | b | ||
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | ab | b | a | ||
Nat. vs. Ant. | do not differ significantly | ||||
Length of petal (LP) (mm) | ± SE | 9.38 ± 0.12 a | 8.18 ± 0.11 b | 9.27 ± 0.10 a | 9.36 ± 0.23 a |
Q1 | 9.06 | 7.74 | 8.77 | 8.63 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 9.41 (0.74) | 8.03 (0.95) | 9.29 (0.86) | 9.31 (1.34) | |
Q3 | 9.80 | 8.70 | 9.63 | 9.97 | |
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | a | b | a | ||
Width of petal (WP) (mm) | ± SE | 4.01 ± 0.05 a | 3.44 ± 0.06 b | 3.83 ± 0.06 a | 3.78 ± 0.11 a |
Q1 | 3.89 | 3.18 | 3.69 | 3.48 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 4.06 (0.29) | 3.38 (0.42) | 3.86 (0.34) | 3.67 (0.53) | |
Q3 | 4.17 | 3.60 | 4.03 | 4.01 | |
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | a | c | b | ||
Length of lateral sepal (LLS) (mm) | ± SE | 11.34 ± 0.13 | 11.01 ± 0.12 | 11.35 ± 0.10 | 12.80 ± 0.19 |
Q1 | 10.82 | 10.53 | 11.05 | 11.93 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 11.35 (1.01) BC | 10.87 (0.91) C | 11.40 (0.65) B | 12.63 (1.36) A | |
Q3 | 11.81 | 11.44 | 11.70 | 13.29 | |
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | B | B | A | ||
Width of lateral sepal (WLS) (mm) | ± SE | 4.17 ± 0.04 | 3.76 ± 0.04 | 3.83 ± 0.04 | 4.33 ± 0.10 |
Q1 | 4.03 | 3.63 | 3.69 | 3.96 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 4.15 (0.29) B | 3.71 (0.34) A | 3.88 (0.32) A | 4.18 (0.56) B | |
Q3 | 4.32 | 3.96 | 4.01 | 4.52 | |
Width of flowers (FW) (mm) | ± SE | 22.70 ± 0.35 | 20.83 ± 0.24 | 22.59 ± 0.16 | 24.31 ± 0.38 |
Q1 | 22.26 | 20.22 | 21.87 | 22.66 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 22.94 (1.64) B | 20.89 (1.43) A | 22.47 (1.40) B | 24.01 (2.70) C | |
Q3 | 23.90 | 21.65 | 23.26 | 25.37 | |
Length of flowers (FH) (mm) | ± SE | 11.47 ± 0.14 ab | 10.36 ± 0.10 c | 11.01 ± 0.12 b | 11.94 ± 0.22 a |
Q1 | 11.04 | 10.02 | 10.69 | 11.33 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 11.45 (0.83) | 10.35 (0.76) | 10.97 (0.77) | 11.82 (1.30) | |
Q3 | 11.86 | 10.78 | 11.46 | 12.63 | |
Length of labellum (LL) (mm) | ± SE | 11.91 ± 0.16 | 11.46 ± 0.15 | 11.45 ± 0.14 | 11.93 ± 0.26 |
Q1 | 11.56 | 11.01 | 11.23 | 11.42 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 12.06 (0.81) B | 11.47 (0.89) A | 11.54 (0.64) A | 11.99 (1.20) B | |
Q3 | 12.37 | 11.88 | 11.87 | 12.62 | |
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | A | B | AB | ||
Width of hypochile (HW) (mm) | ± SE | 5.81 ± 0.13 a | 4.90 ± 0.10 b | 4.84 ± 0.14 b | 5.54 ± 0.12 a |
Q1 | 5.25 | 4.64 | 4.31 | 5.06 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 5.79 (1.15) | 4.95 (0.61) | 4.69 (0.98) | 5.53 (0.83) | |
Q3 | 6.40 | 5.25 | 5.29 | 5.9 | |
Length of hypochile (HL) (mm) | ± SE | 5.03 ± 0.13 | 4.58 ± 0.07 | 4.44 ± 0.06 | 4.80 ± 0.10 |
Q1 | 4.62 | 4.38 | 4.20 | 4.36 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 4.89 (0.61) C | 4.65 (0.36) AB | 4.47 (0.38) A | 4.76 (0.77) BC | |
Q3 | 5.23 | 4.74 | 4.58 | 5.12 | |
Length of epichile (LE) (mm) | ± SE | 7.11 ± 0.08 | 6.74 ± 0.11 | 7.03 ± 0.09 | 7.44 ± 0.11 |
Q1 | 6.87 | 6.38 | 6.82 | 7.14 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 7.10 (0.51) B | 6.88 (0.74) A | 7.05 (0.44) B | 7.51 (0.64) C | |
Q3 | 7.38 | 7.12 | 7.26 | 7.78 | |
Length of isthmus (LI) (mm) | ± SE | 2.07 ± 0.04 ab | 1.79 ± 0.03 ab | 1.94 ± 0.03 b | 2.24 ± 0.06 a |
Q1 | 1.92 | 1.66 | 1.82 | 2.09 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 2.08 (0.33) | 1.79 (0.29) | 1.95 (0.26) | 2.31 (0.41) | |
Q3 | 2.25 | 1.94 | 2.08 | 2.50 | |
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | b | b | a | ||
Width of epichile (WE) (mm) | ± SE | 7.98 ± 0.11 ab | 7.71 ± 0.09 ab | 7.56 ± 0.09 b | 8.07 ± 0.16 a |
Q1 | 7.52 | 7.46 | 7.27 | 7.47 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 7.89 (0.84) | 7.66 (0.49) | 7.51 (0.54) | 8.11 (0.94) | |
Q3 | 8.36 | 7.95 | 7.81 | 8.42 | |
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | ab | b | a | ||
Width of isthmus (WI) (mm) | ± SE | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.90 ± 0.02 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | 1.02 ± 0.03 |
Q1 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.94 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 0.85 (0.06) B | 0.91 (0.15) A | 0.82 (0.11) B | 1.01 (0.13) C | |
Q3 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 1.07 | |
Isthmus area (AI) (mm2) | ± SE | 1.75 ± 0.05 b | 1.60 ± 0.05 b | 1.59 ± 0.05 b | 2.32 ± 0.11 a |
Q1 | 1.65 | 1.42 | 1.41 | 1.94 | |
Q2 (IQR) | 1.75 (0.29) | 1.58 (0.37) | 1.54 (0.34) | 2.28 (0.71) | |
Q3 | 1.94 | 1.79 | 1.75 | 2.65 | |
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | b | b | a |
Amino Acid | Class | Statistic | Natural (Nat.) Populations | Anthropogenic (Ant.) Populations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZAB | ROS | SIL | SOP | |||
Proteogenic amino acids (μM) | ||||||
Aspartic acid (Asp) | I | ± SE | 357.55 ± 6.47 | 377.50 ± 6.73 | 200.25 ± 6.81 | 259.51 ± 5.06 |
Q1 | 329.36 | 351.40 | 178.80 | 228.94 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 359.31 (56.82) B | 380.49 (50.09) A | 198.98 (48.50) D | 267.79 (49.53) C | ||
Q3 | 386.17 | 401.49 | 227.30 | 278.48 | ||
Glutamic acid (Glu) | I | ± SE | 740.90 ± 8.71 b | 884.43 ± 7.46 a | 430.24 ± 6.87 d | 525.11 ± 4.78 c |
Q1 | 706.06 | 858.27 | 400.67 | 509.22 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 730.92 (71.49) | 885.59 (48.87) | 421.47 (64.14) | 522.14 (24.38) | ||
Q3 | 777.55 | 907.13 | 464.81 | 533.60 | ||
Alanine (Ala) | I | ± SE | 92.59 ± 2.48 | 116.35 ± 1.74 | 84.42 ± 1.10 | 89.31 ± 2.40 |
Q1 | 80.82 | 111.75 | 79.64 | 81.50 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 89.79 (23.47) B | 117.99 (9.50) A | 84.07 (9.36) C | 83.99 (12.90) C | ||
Q3 | 104.29 | 121.25 | 89.01 | 94.40 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | B | A | B | |||
Cysteine (Cys) | I | ± SE | 163.35 ± 3.07 | 229.32 ± 3.52 | 149.33 ± 3.41 | 93.10 ± 1.10 |
Q1 | 152.41 | 217.42 | 136.75 | 89.49 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 168.28 (20.05) B | 229.17 (17.12) A | 143.13 (26.49) B | 92.88 (7.34) C | ||
Q3 | 172.46 | 234.54 | 163.24 | 96.83 | ||
Glycine (Gly) | I | ± SE | 68.81 ± 1.92 | 88.60 ± 1.03 | 69.36 ± 1.60 | 57.25 ± 0.69 |
Q1 | 61.34 | 83.57 | 63.75 | 54.38 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 71.38 (16.50) B | 88.39 (9.56) A | 66.38 (7.20) B | 56.96 (6.03) C | ||
Q3 | 77.83 | 93.13 | 70.96 | 60.41 | ||
Serine (Ser) | I | ± SE | 273.61 ± 3.77 | 326.20 ± 2.31 | 225.79 ± 2.77 | 184.75 ± 1.71 |
Q1 | 263.55 | 318.96 | 214.73 | 180.13 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 275.68 (23.06) B | 326.89 (12.68) A | 227.17 (16.76) C | 185.01 (9.16) D | ||
Q3 | 286.61 | 331.64 | 231.50 | 189.29 | ||
Threonine (Thr) | I | ± SE | 141.01 ± 4.28 a | 139.20 ± 1.34 a | 123.17 ± 1.01 b | 80.10 ± 0.99 c |
Q1 | 119.21 | 133.71 | 118.35 | 76.39 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 139.94 (41.64) | 139.5 (9.77) | 122.99 (9.15) | 80.38 (7.99) | ||
Q3 | 160.85 | 143.48 | 127.49 | 84.38 | ||
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | a | b | c | |||
Tyrosine (Tyr) | I | ± SE | 12.29 ± 0.43 | 15.35 ± 0.34 | 6.91 ± 0.40 | 6.67 ± 0.41 |
Q1 | 10.49 | 13.64 | 6.41 | 5.64 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 12.89 (2.81) B | 15.39 (3.48) A | 7.41 (1.91) C | 7.38 (2.63) C | ||
Q3 | 13.30 | 17.12 | 8.32 | 8.28 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | B | A | C | |||
Arginine (Arg) | II | ± SE | 24.84 ± 0.79 b | 34.94 ± 0.42 a | 15.65 ± 0.29 c | 16.15 ± 0.42 c |
Q1 | 21.95 | 32.70 | 14.42 | 14.39 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 24.59 (5.29) | 34.39 (3.80) | 16.13 (2.08) | 16.39 (3.10) | ||
Q3 | 27.25 | 36.50 | 16.49 | 17.49 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | b | a | c | |||
Asparagine (Asn) | II | ± SE | 313.16 ± 4.99 | 432.35 ± 2.86 | 246.77 ± 3.26 | 237.69 ± 1.99 |
Q1 | 302.5 | 421.59 | 232.62 | 228.42 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 317.31 (25.06) B | 430.94 (20.08) A | 241.48 (31.30) C | 238.41 (15.70) C | ||
Q3 | 327.56 | 441.67 | 263.92 | 244.12 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | B | A | C | |||
Glutamine (Gln) | II | ± SE | 529.06 ± 6.84 b | 623.95 ± 5.04 a | 414.67 ± 2.64 c | 351.19 ± 3.72 d |
Q1 | 509.06 | 600.73 | 406.49 | 332.55 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 521.50 (30.51) | 623.48 (41.83) | 412.54 (15.84) | 349.53 (31.96) | ||
Q3 | 539.57 | 642.56 | 422.33 | 364.51 | ||
Histidine (His) | II | ± SE | 133.04 ± 3.02 a | 101.81 ± 1.01 b | 71.05 ± 1.10 c | 68.62 ± 0.71 c |
Q1 | 128.42 | 97.40 | 66.89 | 65.64 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 132.50 (15.12) | 102.48 (8.75) | 69.65 (8.37) | 68.49 (5.53) | ||
Q3 | 143.54 | 106.15 | 75.27 | 71.17 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | a | b | c | |||
Lysine (Lys) | II | ± SE | 167.59 ± 3.61 | 231.48 ± 2.75 | 128.46 ± 1.29 | 115.63 ± 0.74 |
Q1 | 152.75 | 219.45 | 124.67 | 113.68 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 162.49 (25.32) B | 230.45 (18.80) A | 128.49 (7.92) C | 116.39 (4.53) D | ||
Q3 | 178.07 | 238.24 | 132.60 | 118.21 | ||
Proline (Pro) | III | ± SE | 87.53 ± 2.92 b | 82.45 ± 2.56 b | 362.10 ± 7.85 a | 373.20 ± 8.13 a |
Q1 | 76.60 | 71.53 | 331.58 | 335.57 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 89.14 (25.72) | 83.13 (18.10) | 374.09 (69.02) | 380.04 (69.61) | ||
Q3 | 102.32 | 89.62 | 400.60 | 405.18 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | b | b | a | |||
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | b | a | a | |||
Nat. vs. Ant. | differ significantly | |||||
Isoleucine (Ile) | IV | ± SE | 162.45 ± 3.79 a | 143.93 ± 1.61 b | 117.30 ± 1.60 c | 100.93 ± 0.62 d |
Q1 | 148.25 | 138.68 | 111.08 | 98.77 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 162.48 (30.83) | 144.89 (12.13) | 118.29 (10.70) | 101.39 (4.52) | ||
Q3 | 179.08 | 150.80 | 121.78 | 103.28 | ||
Leucine (Leu) | IV | ± SE | 333.40 ± 4.77 a | 290.65 ± 3.82 b | 240.59 ± 3.13 c | 242.72 ± 1.78 c |
Q1 | 312.63 | 278.40 | 224.67 | 237.50 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 331.99 (31.35 | 291.74 (24.45) | 239.15 (28.87) | 243.39 (11.74) | ||
Q3 | 343.97 | 302.85 | 253.54 | 249.23 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | a | b | c | |||
Methionine (Met) | IV | ± SE | 92.10 ± 3.11 a | 87.79 ± 0.79 a | 67.46 ± 0.66 b | 50.42 ± 0.79 c |
Q1 | 79.01 | 84.48 | 66.03 | 47.66 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 89.19 (24.54) | 87.33 (5.79) | 67.43 (3.47) | 50.20 (5.55) | ||
Q3 | 103.55 | 90.27 | 69.50 | 53.21 | ||
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | a | b | c | |||
Phenylalanine (Phe) | IV | ± SE | 44.87 ± 1.66 ab | 46.20 ± 0.61 ab | 48.72 ± 1.17 a | 42.50 ± 0.89 b |
Q1 | 37.49 | 43.47 | 44.35 | 39.93 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 44.95 (14.70) | 46.42 (4.90) | 49.4 (8.94) | 43.38 (6.41) | ||
Q3 | 52.19 | 48.37 | 53.29 | 46.33 | ||
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | ab | a | b | |||
Tryptophan (Trp) | IV | ± SE | 189.82 ± 3.71 | 255.90 ± 2.97 | 145.15 ± 1.20 | 128.45 ± 1.22 |
Q1 | 176.42 | 244.04 | 140.58 | 124.39 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 188.14 (25.84) B | 254.37 (22.42) A | 145.04 (9.16) C | 127.39 (5.84) D | ||
Q3 | 202.26 | 266.46 | 149.74 | 130.23 | ||
Valine (Val) | IV | ± SE | 76.77 ± 1.51 a | 69.89 ± 0.94 b | 49.85 ± 0.82 c | 47.51 ± 0.83 c |
Q1 | 71.41 | 66.29 | 46.37 | 44.62 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 77.69 (12.03) | 68.52 (8.12) | 50.05 (6.13) | 47.39 (6.46) | ||
Q3 | 83.44 | 74.40 | 52.50 | 51.08 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | a | b | c | |||
Non-proteogenic amino acids (μM) | ||||||
Ornithine (Orn) | ± SE | 94.95 ± 3.81 | 116.33 ± 2.55 | 67.20 ± 1.24 | ND | |
Q1 | 78.61 | 109.38 | 64.80 | ND | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 89.72 (37.50) B | 114.95 (9.11) A | 68.54 (6.44) C | ND | ||
Q3 | 116.11 | 118.50 | 71.24 | ND | ||
Citrulline (Cit) | ± SE | 4.15 ± 0.49 | ND | ND | ND | |
Q1 | 2.48 | ND | ND | ND | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 4.45 (3.89) | ND | ND | ND | ||
Q3 | 6.38 | ND | ND | ND | ||
Taurine (Tau) | ± SE | 16.18 ± 0.67 | 14.98 ± 0.51 | 10.32 ± 0.28 | 7.61 ± 0.18 | |
Q1 | 13.92 | 12.59 | 9.38 | 6.60 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 15.69 (2.84) A | 14.39 (3.90) A | 10.18 (2.11) B | 7.51 (1.90) C | ||
Q3 | 16.76 | 16.50 | 11.50 | 8.50 | ||
α-aminobutyric acid (AABA) | ± SE | 11.67 ± 0.42 a | 9.34 ± 0.36 b | 7.04 ± 0.30 c | 10.41 ± 0.34 c | |
Q1 | 9.95 | 8.40 | 5.50 | 8.91 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 11.50 (2.84) | 8.57 (2.13) | 7.45 (2.24) | 10.02 (2.98) | ||
Q3 | 12.8 | 10.53 | 7.74 | 11.89 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | a | b | c | |||
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | a | b | b | |||
Nat. vs. Ant. | differ significantly | |||||
β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) | ± SE | 14.01 ± 0.38 | 21.74 ± 0.64 | 8.55 ± 0.31 | 4.55 ± 0.23 | |
Q1 | 12.51 | 18.76 | 7.52 | 3.58 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 13.68 (2.26) B | 21.08 (4.52) A | 8.54 (1.84) D | 4.4 (1.92) C | ||
Q3 | 14.77 | 23.28 | 9.36 | 5.50 | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | B | A | C | |||
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | ± SE | 6.84 ± 0.55 | 7.29 ± 0.35 | 3.91 ± 0.42 | ND | |
Q1 | 6.54 | 5.50 | 2.52 | ND | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 7.89 (2.12) A | 6.96 (3.01) A | 3.72 (2.98) B | ND | ||
Q3 | 8.66 | 8.50 | 5.5 | ND | ||
ZAB vs. ROS vs. Ant. | A | A | B | |||
Nat. vs. SIL vs. SOP | A | B | B | |||
Nat. vs. Ant. | differ significantly | |||||
β-alanine (β-Ala) | ± SE | 22.81 ± 1.12 | 16.25 ± 0.53 | ND | ND | |
Q1 | 18.46 | 14.52 | ND | ND | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 21.53 (8.88) A | 16.04 (2.96) B | ND | ND | ||
Q3 | 27.34 | 17.48 | ND | ND | ||
Total amount of amino acids (mg/mL) | ||||||
± SE | 0.52 ± 0.003 b | 0.60 ± 0.002 a | 0.41 ± 0.002 c | 0.39 ± 0.002 d | ||
Q1 | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 0.39 | ||
Q2 (IQR) | 0.52 (0.01) | 0.60 (0.01) | 0.42 (0.01) | 0.39 (0.01) | ||
Q3 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.42 | 0.40 |
Parameter | Natural Populations | Anthropogenic Populations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ZAB | ROS | SIL | SOP | |
FRS (%) | 94.40 ± 2.83 | 81.47 ± 4.19 | 87.99 ± 3.36 | 90.60 ± 2.49 |
PR (%) | 97.03 ± 2.68 | 87.48 ± 3.46 | 85.66 ± 4.36 | 96.55 ± 1.61 |
PR/FRS | 1.07 ± 0.06 | 1.32 ± 0.22 | 1.07 ± 0.10 | 1.08 ± 0.03 |
Abbreviation | Full Name |
---|---|
AI | isthmus area |
FH | length of flowers |
FW | width of flowers |
HL | length of hypochile |
HW | width of hypochile |
LDS | length of dorsal sepal |
LE | length of epichile |
LI | length of isthmus |
LL | length of labellum |
LLS | length of lateral sepal |
LP | length of petal |
WDS | width of dorsal sepal |
WE | width of epichile |
WI | width of isthmus |
WLS | width of lateral sepal |
WP | width of petal |
Abbreviation | Full Name |
---|---|
AABA | α-aminobutyric acid |
Ala | alanine |
Arg | arginine |
Asn | asparagine |
Asp | aspartic acid |
BABA | β-aminobutyric acid |
Cit | citrulline |
Cys | cysteine |
GABA | γ-aminobutyric acid |
Gln | glutamine |
Glu | glutamic acid |
Gly | glycine |
His | histidine |
Ile | isoleucine |
Leu | leucine |
Lys | lysine |
Met | methionine |
Orn | ornithine |
Phe | phenylalanine |
Pro | proline |
Ser | serine |
Tau | taurine |
Thr | threonine |
Trp | tryptophan |
Tyr | tyrosine |
Val | valine |
β-Ala | β-alanine |
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Brzosko, E.; Bajguz, A.; Burzyńska, J.; Chmur, M. Nectar Chemistry or Flower Morphology—What Is More Important for the Reproductive Success of Generalist Orchid Epipactis palustris in Natural and Anthropogenic Populations? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212164
Brzosko E, Bajguz A, Burzyńska J, Chmur M. Nectar Chemistry or Flower Morphology—What Is More Important for the Reproductive Success of Generalist Orchid Epipactis palustris in Natural and Anthropogenic Populations? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212164
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrzosko, Emilia, Andrzej Bajguz, Justyna Burzyńska, and Magdalena Chmur. 2021. "Nectar Chemistry or Flower Morphology—What Is More Important for the Reproductive Success of Generalist Orchid Epipactis palustris in Natural and Anthropogenic Populations?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212164