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Volume 22
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10.3390/ijms22020843
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Review

The Effect of Hypoxia on the Expression of CXC Chemokines and CXC Chemokine Receptors—A Review of Literature

by
Jan Korbecki
1,
Klaudyna Kojder
2,
Patrycja Kapczuk
1,
Patrycja Kupnicka
1,
Barbara Gawrońska-Szklarz
3,
Izabela Gutowska
4,
Dariusz Chlubek
1 and
Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
1,*
1
Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
2
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-281 Szczecin, Poland
3
Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
4
Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(2), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020843
Received: 9 December 2020 / Revised: 6 January 2021 / Accepted: 12 January 2021 / Published: 15 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism)
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Abstract

Hypoxia is an integral component of the tumor microenvironment. Either as chronic or cycling hypoxia, it exerts a similar effect on cancer processes by activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and nuclear factor (NF-κB), with cycling hypoxia showing a stronger proinflammatory influence. One of the systems affected by hypoxia is the CXC chemokine system. This paper reviews all available information on hypoxia-induced changes in the expression of all CXC chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL7, CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12 (SDF-1), CXCL13, CXCL14, CXCL15, CXCL16, CXCL17) as well as CXC chemokine receptors—CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6, CXCR7 and CXCR8. First, we present basic information on the effect of these chemoattractant cytokines on cancer processes. We then discuss the effect of hypoxia-induced changes on CXC chemokine expression on the angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and recruitment of various cells to the tumor niche, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Finally, the review summarizes data on the use of drugs targeting the CXC chemokine system in cancer therapies. View Full-Text
Keywords: CXC chemokine; cancer; tumor; hypoxia; hypoxia-inducible factor; cycling hypoxia; HIF-1α; NF-κB; SDF-1; IL-8 CXC chemokine; cancer; tumor; hypoxia; hypoxia-inducible factor; cycling hypoxia; HIF-1α; NF-κB; SDF-1; IL-8
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
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MDPI and ACS Style

Korbecki, J.; Kojder, K.; Kapczuk, P.; Kupnicka, P.; Gawrońska-Szklarz, B.; Gutowska, I.; Chlubek, D.; Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. The Effect of Hypoxia on the Expression of CXC Chemokines and CXC Chemokine Receptors—A Review of Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020843

AMA Style

Korbecki J, Kojder K, Kapczuk P, Kupnicka P, Gawrońska-Szklarz B, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. The Effect of Hypoxia on the Expression of CXC Chemokines and CXC Chemokine Receptors—A Review of Literature. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(2):843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020843

Chicago/Turabian Style

Korbecki, Jan, Klaudyna Kojder, Patrycja Kapczuk, Patrycja Kupnicka, Barbara Gawrońska-Szklarz, Izabela Gutowska, Dariusz Chlubek, and Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka. 2021. "The Effect of Hypoxia on the Expression of CXC Chemokines and CXC Chemokine Receptors—A Review of Literature" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2: 843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020843

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