Highly Porous Fluorapatite/β-1,3-Glucan Composite for Bone Tissue Regeneration: Characterization and In-Vitro Assessment of Biomedical Potential
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of Samples (FAP/glucan and HAP/glucan Composites)
- FAP/glucan
- HAP/glucan
3.3. Characterization of Biomaterials
3.3.1. SEM Imaging
3.3.2. FTIR Analysis
3.3.3. Porosity Determination
3.3.4. Mechanical Property Evaluation by Compression Test
3.3.5. Liquid Absorption Behavior of Composites
3.3.6. Bioactivity Assessment
3.3.7. Fluoride Ion Release Test
3.4. In-Vitro Cell Culture Experiments
3.4.1. Quantitative Cytotoxicity Assessment (MTT)
3.4.2. Direct-Contact Test for Qualitative Cytotoxicity Assessment (Live-Dead Staining)
3.4.3. Cell Growth Evaluation (Cytoskeleton Imaging—DAPI, Phalloidin)
3.4.4. Osteogenic Differentiation Evaluation (ELISAs)
4. Conclusions
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Sample | Statistically Significant Difference * | |
---|---|---|---|
FAP/Glucan Mean (±SD) | HAP/Glucan Mean (±SD) | ||
Total intrusion volume [cm3/g] | 0.47 (±0.004) | 0.88 (±0.014) | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 |
Total pore area [m2/g] | 5.16 (±0.21) | 20.78 (±0.3) | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 |
Bulk density [g/cm3] | 1.14 (±0.006) | 0.75 (±0.01) | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 |
Apparent (skeletal) density [g/cm3] | 2.43 (±0.035) | 2.20 (±0.05) | yes, p ≤ 0.01 |
Porosity [%] | 53.19 (±0.58) | 65.93 (±0.32) | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 |
Median pore diameter (Volume based) [µm] | 1.41 (±0.11) | 0.13 (±0) | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 |
Median pore diameter (Area based) [µm] | 0.21 (±0.006) | 0.1 (±0) | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 |
Average pore diameter [µm] | 0.36 (±0.015) | 0.17 (±0.006) | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 |
Calcium | Phosphorus | Carbon | Oxygen | Fluorine | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
HAP/glucan | 4.27 | 2.13 | 2.59 | 1.01 | 49.12 | 4.87 | 44.03 | 2.58 | 0 | 0 |
FAP/glucan | 1.74 | 1.53 | 0.98 | 0.58 | 53.84 | 3.21 | 43.14 | 1.53 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
statistically significant difference * | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 | yes, p ≤ 0.01 | no, p > 0.05 | yes, p ≤ 0.0001 |
Experiment | Sample | ||
---|---|---|---|
Shape | Diameter (mm) (± 0.5 mm) | Height (mm) (± 0.5 mm) | |
SEM imaging, Live-Dead staining, Cytoskeleton Imaging, ELISA tests | flat disc | 8 | 2 |
Bioactivity assessment | flat disc | 10 | 2 |
Absorbability testing | cylindrical | 5 | 9 |
9 | 12 | ||
13 | 15 | ||
Mechanical testing | cylindrical | 8 | 8 |
Porosimetry testing, Fluoride ion release test | cylindrical | 11 | 11 |
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Borkowski, L.; Przekora, A.; Belcarz, A.; Palka, K.; Jojczuk, M.; Lukasiewicz, P.; Nogalski, A.; Ginalska, G. Highly Porous Fluorapatite/β-1,3-Glucan Composite for Bone Tissue Regeneration: Characterization and In-Vitro Assessment of Biomedical Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910414
Borkowski L, Przekora A, Belcarz A, Palka K, Jojczuk M, Lukasiewicz P, Nogalski A, Ginalska G. Highly Porous Fluorapatite/β-1,3-Glucan Composite for Bone Tissue Regeneration: Characterization and In-Vitro Assessment of Biomedical Potential. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(19):10414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910414
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorkowski, Leszek, Agata Przekora, Anna Belcarz, Krzysztof Palka, Mariusz Jojczuk, Piotr Lukasiewicz, Adam Nogalski, and Grazyna Ginalska. 2021. "Highly Porous Fluorapatite/β-1,3-Glucan Composite for Bone Tissue Regeneration: Characterization and In-Vitro Assessment of Biomedical Potential" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19: 10414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910414