Small Structural Proteins E and M Render the SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus More Infectious and Reveal the Phenotype of Natural Viral Variants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins E and M Enhance S Priming
2.2. The E and M Proteins Make SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Highly Infectious
2.3. The SEM Pseudovirus Is Highly Sensitive in the Bioassay Evaluating SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies
2.4. The SEM Pseudoviruses of Some Natural S Variants Showed the Capability to Resist Neutralizing Antibodies
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Inhibitors, Primary Antibodies, and Convalescent Plasma
4.2. Plasmid Constructs
4.3. Cell Lines
4.4. Immunofluorescence Assay
4.5. Western Blot Analysis
4.6. Pseudovirus Propagation
4.7. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
4.8. Flow Cytometry Assay
4.9. Binding Assay
4.10. Neutralization Assay
4.11. Reporter Assay
4.12. Quantification and Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang, H.-I.; Chuang, Z.-S.; Kao, Y.-T.; Lin, Y.-L.; Liang, J.-J.; Liao, C.-C.; Liao, C.-L.; Lai, M.M.C.; Yu, C.-Y. Small Structural Proteins E and M Render the SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus More Infectious and Reveal the Phenotype of Natural Viral Variants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169087
Wang H-I, Chuang Z-S, Kao Y-T, Lin Y-L, Liang J-J, Liao C-C, Liao C-L, Lai MMC, Yu C-Y. Small Structural Proteins E and M Render the SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus More Infectious and Reveal the Phenotype of Natural Viral Variants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(16):9087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169087
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hsin-I, Zih-Shiuan Chuang, Yu-Ting Kao, Yi-Ling Lin, Jian-Jong Liang, Chun-Che Liao, Ching-Len Liao, Michael M. C. Lai, and Chia-Yi Yu. 2021. "Small Structural Proteins E and M Render the SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus More Infectious and Reveal the Phenotype of Natural Viral Variants" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16: 9087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169087