Glia and Orofacial Pain: Progress and Future Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Headache
3. TMD
3.1. Glial Cell Activation in the TG in Rodent Models of CFA-induced TMJ Inflammation
3.2. Microglia and Astrocyte Activation in the TNC in Rodent Models of TMJ Inflammation
3.3. Glial Cells Activation in Other Animal Models of TMD
4. Dental Pulp Injury
4.1. Glial Cells within the Pulp
4.2. The Effect of Pulp Injury on Glial Changes in the TG and TN
5. HNC
6. Remaining Questions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pain Conditions | Animal Models | Glial Responses | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schwann Cells | SGCs | Astrocytes | Microglia | ||
Headache | Acute/Chronic dural inflammatory soup | ND |
|
|
|
Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD) | ND |
| |||
Nitroglycerin | ND |
|
| ||
TMD | CFA injection in the TMJ | ND |
|
| |
Carrageenan injection in the TMJ | ND | ND | ND |
| |
Zymosan injection in the TMJ | ND | ND | ND |
| |
Capsaicin injection in the TMJ | ND |
| ND | ND | |
Formalin injection into the TMJ | ND | ND | ND |
| |
Masseter tendon ligation | ND | ND |
|
| |
Tooth movement | ND | ND |
|
| |
Chronic stress | ND |
| |||
Dental pulp injury | Acute pulp exposure followed by mustard oil application | ND | ND |
|
|
Pulp exposure followed by CFA application | ND |
|
| ND | |
Pulp exposure alone | ND | ND |
|
| |
HNC | Oral cancer cells inoculated into the rat gingiva | ND |
| Not activated [48] |
|
Oral cancer cells inoculated into the rat tongue | ND | ND | ND |
| |
Breast cancer cells inoculated into the rat vibrissa pad | ND |
|
|
| |
Oral cancer cells inoculated into themouse sciatic nerve to mimic PNI |
| ND | ND | ND | |
Schwann cell supernatant injection |
| ND | ND | ND |
Drug Name | Target | Indication | Efficacy | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Minocycline | Microglia inhibitor | Third molar surgery | Yes | Gelesko et al., 2011 [181] |
Lumbar discectomy | No | Martinez et al., 2013 [182] | ||
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy | No | Syngle et al., 2014 [183] | ||
Carpal tunnel and trigger finger release | No; longer pain in a patient subgroup | Curtin et al., 2017 [184] | ||
Lumbar radiculopathy | Yes | Vanelderen et al., 2015 [185] | ||
Unilateral sciatica | No | Sumracki et al., 2012 [186] | ||
Propentofylline | Microglia and astrocytes modulator | Post-herpetic neuralgia | No | Landry et al., 2012 [187] |
Ibudilast | cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor | Chronic migraine | No | Kwok et al., 2016 [70] |
Medication overuse headache | No | Loggia et al., 2015 [71] | ||
Tonabersat | Gap-junction modulator | Migraine prophylaxis | Yes, in migraine patients with aura | Hauge et al., 2009 [84] |
Naltrexone | Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist | Fibromyalgia | Yes | Younger et al., 2009, 2013 [188,189] |
Amitriptyline | P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor | Lumbar radiculopathy | Yes | Vanelderen et al., 2015 [185] |
Losmapimod | P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor | Traumatic peripheral nerve injury | No | Ostenfeld et al., 2013 [190] |
Lumbosacral radiculopathies | No | Ostenfeld et al., 2015 [191] | ||
Dilmapimod | P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor | Mixed neuropathic pain | Yes | Anand et al., 2011 [192] |
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Share and Cite
Ye, Y.; Salvo, E.; Romero-Reyes, M.; Akerman, S.; Shimizu, E.; Kobayashi, Y.; Michot, B.; Gibbs, J. Glia and Orofacial Pain: Progress and Future Directions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105345
Ye Y, Salvo E, Romero-Reyes M, Akerman S, Shimizu E, Kobayashi Y, Michot B, Gibbs J. Glia and Orofacial Pain: Progress and Future Directions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(10):5345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105345
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe, Yi, Elizabeth Salvo, Marcela Romero-Reyes, Simon Akerman, Emi Shimizu, Yoshifumi Kobayashi, Benoit Michot, and Jennifer Gibbs. 2021. "Glia and Orofacial Pain: Progress and Future Directions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10: 5345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105345