The Molecular and Mechanistic Insights Based on Gut–Liver Axis: Nutritional Target for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gut–Liver Axis Is the Bridge between Gut Microbes and Liver
2.1. Gut Microbiome Profiles in NAFLD Patients
2.2. Gut Microbiota-Derived Components and Metabolites That Accelerating NAFLD
2.3. Impaired Intestinal Barrier Function is an Important Reason for the Development of NAFLD
2.4. Gut–Liver Crosstalk Mediated by Bile Acids
3. Targeting the Gut–Liver Axis as a Nutritional Treatment for NAFLD
3.1. Probiotics
3.2. Dietary Fibers
3.3. Functional Oligosaccharides
3.4. Functional Amino Acids (l-tryptophan and l-glutamine)
3.5. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
3.6. Carotenoids and Polyphenols
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AhR | aryl hydrocarbon receptor |
DHA | Docosahexaenoic acid |
EPA | eicosapentaenoic acid |
FMO | flavin-containing monooxygenase |
FXR | farnesoid X receptor |
IBD | Inflammatory bowel disease |
IAA | indole acetic acid |
IAld | indole aldehyde |
IA | indoleacrylic acid |
ILA | indole lactic acid |
IPA | indole propionic acid |
LPS | lipopolysaccharides |
NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NASH | non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
PUFAs | polyunsaturated fatty acids |
SCFAs | short chain fatty acids |
TGR5 | Takeda G-protein receptor 5 |
TLR4 | toll-like receptor 4 |
TMA | trimethylamine |
TMAO | trimethylamine-N-oxide |
TMAVA | N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid |
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Gut Bacterial Species | Impact on the Gut–Liver Axis | References |
---|---|---|
Enterobacter cloacae B29, Escherichia coli PY102, and Klebsiella pneumoniae A7 | Production of endotoxin | [42] |
Ruminococcus bromii, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Ruminococcus torques | Breakdown of gut barrier function; Production of inflammatory polysaccharide; Increase of plasma TMAO | [169,170,171] |
Anaerococcus hydrogenalis, Clostridium asparagiforme, Clostridium hathewayi, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia fergusonii, Proteus penneri, Providencia rettgeri, and Edwardsiella tarda | Generation of TMA Increase of plasma TMAO | [47] |
Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Production of TMAVA | [52] |
Escherichia and Klebsiella pneumoniae | Production of endogenous ethanol | [41,64] |
Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. | Maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity | [169,172,173,174,175,176,177] |
Clostridium and Eubacterium | Conversion of primary bile acids into secondary bile acids | [178] |
Clostridium sp. Strain S2 | Desulfation of bile acids; Promotion of bile acid reabsorption | [179] |
Eubacterium biforme, Prevotella copri, Ruminococcus torques, Fusobacterium, and Megashpaera | Production of SCFAs | [180] |
Clostridium bartlettii, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium cadaveris, Clostridium botulinum, Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp. | Conversion of tryptophan into indoles | [115] |
Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens and Gordonibacter pamelaeae | Generation of urolithins | [181] |
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Ji, Y.; Yin, Y.; Sun, L.; Zhang, W. The Molecular and Mechanistic Insights Based on Gut–Liver Axis: Nutritional Target for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093066
Ji Y, Yin Y, Sun L, Zhang W. The Molecular and Mechanistic Insights Based on Gut–Liver Axis: Nutritional Target for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(9):3066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093066
Chicago/Turabian StyleJi, Yun, Yue Yin, Lijun Sun, and Weizhen Zhang. 2020. "The Molecular and Mechanistic Insights Based on Gut–Liver Axis: Nutritional Target for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Improvement" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9: 3066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093066