Molecular Mechanisms of Microbiota-Mediated Pathology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Intestinal Resident Microbiota in IBS Pathology
3. Mechanisms of Action: Influence of Microorganisms on Intestinal Homeostasis and IBS
3.1. Microbial Neurotransmitters
3.1.1. Histamine
3.1.2. Serotonin
3.1.3. Glutamate
3.1.4. γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
3.1.5. Others
3.2. Microbial Compounds
3.2.1. Toll-Like Receptor Ligands
3.2.2. Cytokines
3.2.3. Other Microbial Products
3.3. Microbial Metabolites
3.3.1. Tryptophan
3.3.2. Short-Chain Fatty Acids
3.3.3. Bile Acids
3.3.4. Vitamins
3.4. Microbial Endocrine Factors
3.4.1. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
3.4.2. Peptide YY (PYY)
3.5. Microbial Enzymes: Proteases
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microbial Products | Visceral Pain | GI Motility | Mucosal Permeability | Mucosal Inflammation | Influencing Dysbiosis | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neurotransmitters | ||||||
Histamine | ↑↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | [53,78,79,80,81,82,83,84] | |
Serotonin | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ++ | [7,85,86,87,88] |
Glutamate | ↑↑ | ↓? | ↑ | + | [89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99] | |
γ-aminobutyric acid | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [92,100,101,102,103,104,105] | ||
Noradrenalin | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑↓ | [106,107,108,109,110,111] | |
Dopamine | ↓ | ↑↓ | ↑? | ↓? | + | [112,113,114,115,116,117,118] |
Acetylcholine | ↑ | ↓ | [111,112,119,120] | |||
Compounds | ||||||
Toll-like receptor ligands | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | [121,122,123] | |
Cytokines | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | [52,124,125,126,127,128,129,130] | |
Pore-forming toxins, N-formylated peptides | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | [124,131,132,133] | ||
Metabolites | ||||||
Tryptophan (aryl hydrocarbon receptor, kynurenine pathways) | ↓↑ | ↓ | ↓ | + | [89,124,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141] | |
Short-chain fatty acids | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | [70,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154] | |
Bile acids | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | + | [155,156,157,158,159,160] | |
Vitamin D and B6 | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | + | [161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170] | |
Endocrine factors | ||||||
Glucagon-like peptide-1 | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | [171,172,173,174,175] | ||
Peptide YY | ↓ | ↓ | [172,176,177,178] | |||
Enzymes | ||||||
Proteases | ↑ | ↑↓ | ↑↑↑ | ↑ | [124,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186] |
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Mishima, Y.; Ishihara, S. Molecular Mechanisms of Microbiota-Mediated Pathology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228664
Mishima Y, Ishihara S. Molecular Mechanisms of Microbiota-Mediated Pathology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(22):8664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228664
Chicago/Turabian StyleMishima, Yoshiyuki, and Shunji Ishihara. 2020. "Molecular Mechanisms of Microbiota-Mediated Pathology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22: 8664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228664