Apelin-13 Protects Dopaminergic Neurons against Rotenone—Induced Neurotoxicity through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 Mediated Autophagy Activation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Apelin-13 Antagonized Rotenone-Induced Cell Injury in SH-SY5Y Cells
2.2. Apelin-13 Inhibited Rotenone-Induced Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Cells
2.3. Apelin-13 Induced Autophagy and Restored Rotenone Induced Autophagy Impairment in SH-SY5Y Cells
2.4. Autophagy Activation Contributed to the Protective Effects of Apelin-13 in Rotenone Treated SH-SY5Y Cells
2.5. Apelin-13 Is Able to Modulate the AMPK-/mTOR-/ULK1 Signaling in SH-SY5Y Cells
2.6. AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 Signaling Contributed to the Protective Effects of Apelin-13 in Rotenone Treated SH-SY5Y Cells
2.7. APJ Contributed to the Protective Effects of Apelin-13 in Rotenone Treated SH-SY5Y Cells
2.8. Apelin-13 Antagonized Rotenone Induced Dopaminergic Neurons Loss and Restored the Contents of Dopamine and Its Metabolites in the Str in Rats
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Cell Culture and Treatment
4.3. MTT Assays
4.4. Assessment of ΔΨm and Caspase-3 Activation
4.5. Hoechst 33258 Staining
4.6. Western Blot Analysis
4.7. Animals and Treatment
4.8. Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry Staining
4.9. Measurement of Dopamine and Its Metabolites Levels by HPLC
4.10. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PD | Parkinson’s disease |
TH | Tyrosine hydroxylase |
SN | Substantia nigra |
Str | Striatum |
ΔΨm | Mitochondrial membrane potential |
LC3B | Light chain 3B |
APJ | Apelin receptor |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
3-MA | 3-Methyladenine |
ICV | Intracerebroventricular injection |
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Chen, P.; Wang, Y.; Chen, L.; Song, N.; Xie, J. Apelin-13 Protects Dopaminergic Neurons against Rotenone—Induced Neurotoxicity through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 Mediated Autophagy Activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218376
Chen P, Wang Y, Chen L, Song N, Xie J. Apelin-13 Protects Dopaminergic Neurons against Rotenone—Induced Neurotoxicity through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 Mediated Autophagy Activation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218376
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Peng, Youcui Wang, Leilei Chen, Ning Song, and Junxia Xie. 2020. "Apelin-13 Protects Dopaminergic Neurons against Rotenone—Induced Neurotoxicity through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 Mediated Autophagy Activation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218376