Elusive Diagnostic Markers for Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in Bread Wheat: Deliberating and Reviewing the Status Quo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Chronicling Marker Development for D. noxia Resistance
1.1.1. Initial Studies
1.1.2. Diverse Approaches to Dn resistance Marker Identification
2. Results
2.1. Phenotyping
2.2. Genotyping
2.3. Correlation of Phenotype and Marker Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Materials
4.2. Phenotypic Screening and Tissue Collection from Single Example Plants
4.3. DNA Isolation and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ICARDA | International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas |
PIC | Polymorphism Information Content |
QTL | Quantitative Trait Loci |
RWA1 | Russian wheat aphid, United States of America, original biotype |
RWASA1 | Russian wheat aphid, South Africa, Original biotype |
RWASA2 | Russian wheat aphid, South Africa, biotype 2 |
RWASA3 | Russian wheat aphid, South Africa, biotype 3 |
RWASA4 | Russian wheat aphid, South Africa, biotype 4 |
RWASA5 | Russian wheat aphid, South Africa, biotype 5 |
RWASY | Russian wheat aphid, Syria, original biotype |
RWATR | Russian wheat aphid, Turkey, original biotype |
SSR | Single Sequence Repeat |
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Marker | Fragment Size (bp)/QTL Additive Effect | D. noxia R-Gene | Donor/(Test Accession(s)) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Xgwm44 | Four fragments between 80–182 | None | (Chinese Spring, Thatcher) # | [60,86] |
Xgwm44 | 185 | None | (Chinese Spring) | [87] |
Xgwm44 | 180 | DnUnknown | PI 294994 | [87] |
Xgwm44 | 180 | Dn6 | PI 243781 | [60] |
Xgwm44 | 180 | Dn6 | PI 262660(sic) | [60] |
Xgwm44 | 200 | Dn6 | PI 047545 | [60] |
Xgwm44 | Instar duration −0.797 ** Aphid fertility −3.940 ** Longevity −13.457 *** | QTL | Doubled-Haploid Recombinant population of CS and 7D Synthetic | [69] |
Xgwm111 | Three fragments between 130–305 | None | (Chinese Spring, Thatcher) # | [60] |
Xgwm111 | 209 | None | (Chinese Spring) | [87] |
Xgwm111 | 200 | Dn2 | PI 262660 | [80] |
Xgwm111 | 200 | Dn6 | PI 243781 | [60] |
Xgwm111 | 210 | Dn1 | PI 137739 | [87] |
Xgwm111 | 210 | Not yet named | PI 047545 | [60] |
Xgwm111 | 215 | DnUnknown | PI 294994 | [87] |
Xgwm111 | 220 | Dn5 | PI 294994 | [87] |
Xgwm111 | 225 | Dnx | PI 220127 | [86] |
Xgwm111 | 274 | Dn2401 | CItr 2401 | [95] |
Xgwm111 | 210, 240, 250 | Dn1 | PI 137739 | [83] |
Xgwm111 | 210, 240, 250 | Dn5 | PI 294994 | [83] |
Xgwm111 | 210, 240, 250 | None | (Chinese Spring 7DS dt) | [83] |
Xgwm437 | 112 | None | Chinese Spring | [87] |
Xgwm437 | 100 (Type III) | Dn2 | PI 262660 | [79] |
Xgwm437 | 102 (Type II) | Dn2 | PI 262660 | [79] |
Xgwm437 | 104 (Type I) | Dn2 | PI 262660 | [79] |
Xgwm437 | 105 | Dn5 | PI 294994 | [87] |
Xgwm437 | 124 | Dn626580 | PI 626580 | [49] |
Xgwm437 | Antixenosis +2.077 ** Longevity −27.420 *** | QTL | Doubled-Haploid Recombinant population of CS and 7D Synthetic | [69] |
Xgwm473 | 244 | Dn626580 | PI 626580 | [49] |
Xgwm473 | 244 | Dn2401 | CItr 2401 | [95] |
Xgwm635 | 100 | Dn8 | PI 294994 | [87] |
Accessions Ranked from Most Resistant to Least Resistant | Mean RWASA2 Damage Rating (SEM) of Five Individual Example Plants of Each Accession | Postulated Potential Gene(s) in the Accession |
---|---|---|
PI 137739“S” | 3.0 (0) | Dn1 |
CItr 2401 | 3.2 (0.5) | Dn2401 |
T06/16 | 3.2 (0.4) | Dn1, Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown |
PI 586954 | 3.4 (0.5) | Dnx |
PI 47545 | 3.8 (0.4) | Dn47545 |
PAN 3144 | 4.0 (0) | Gene not known |
PI 626580 | 5.0 (1.1) | Dn626580 |
PI 586955 | 5.2 (1.9) | Dnx |
T06/13 | 5.8 (2.7) | Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown |
PI 243781 | 6.2 (2.6) | Dn6 |
PI 294994 | 6.8 (2.3) | Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown |
T03/17 | 7.6 (2.2) | Dn1, Dn2 |
T05/02 | 7.8 (0.4) | Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown |
PI 262660 | 8.0 (0.6) | Dn2 |
TugelaDn2 | 8.2 (0.4) | Dn2 |
Yumar | 8.2 (0.7) | Dn4 |
BW991306 | 8.4 (0.8) | Dn2401, Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown |
BW991405 | 8.4 (0.5) | Dn2401, Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown |
PI 634775 | 8.5 (0.9) | Dn8 |
RIL-A50 | 8.6 (0.5) | Dn2401 |
Tugela-DN | 8.8 (0.4) | Dn1 |
Betta-DN | 9.0 (0) | Dn1 |
Gariep | 9.0 (0) | Dn1 |
BettaDn2 | 9.0 (0) | Dn2 |
Hugenoot | 9.0 (0) | Susceptible control |
PI 634770 | 9.2 (0.4) | Dn9 |
Accession (Sample Name) | Single Example Plant RWASA2 Score | Xgwm44 | Xgwm111 | Xgwm437 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Betta-DN_1 | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 120 |
Betta-DN_2 | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 120 |
Betta-DN_3 | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 120 |
Betta-DN_4 | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 120 |
Betta-DN_5 | 9 | 120; 200 | 135; 220 | 120 |
Gariep_1 | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 115 |
Gariep_2 | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 115 |
Gariep_3 | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 115 |
Gariep_4 | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 115 |
Tugela-DN (V4483) | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 115 |
Tugela-DN (V4484) | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 115 |
Tugela-DN (V4485) | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 115 |
Tugela-DN (V4486) | 9 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 115 |
Tugela-DN (V4487) | 8 | 120; 190 | 135; 210 | 115 |
BettaDn2 (V4493) | 9 | 120; 150; 190 | 135; 210 | 100 |
BettaDn2 (V4494) | 9 | 120; 150; 190 | 135; 210 | 100 |
BettaDn2 (V4495) | 9 | 120; 150; 190 | 135; 210 | 100 |
BettaDn2 (V4496) | 9 | 120; 150; 190 | 135; 210 | 100 |
BettaDn2 (V4497) | - | 120; 150; 190 | 135; 210 | 100 |
TugelaDn2 (V4578) | 9 | Null | 135; 220 | 115 |
TugelaDn2 (V4579) | 8 | 120; 150; 190 | 135; 210 | 100 |
TugelaDn2 (V4580) | 8 | 120; 150; 190 | 135; 210 | 100 |
TugelaDn2 (V4581) | 8 | 120; 150; 190 | 135; 220 | 115 |
TugelaDn2 (V4582) | 8 | 120; 150; 190 | 135; 220 | 115 |
T05/02 (V4553) | 7 | Null | 135; 210 | 100 |
T05/02 (V4554) | 8 | 120; 175 | 135; 200 | 100 |
T06/13 (V4543) | 8 | 120; 185 | 135; 200 | 120 |
T06/13 (V4544) | 8 | 120; 185 | 135; 200 | 120 |
T06/13 (V4546) | 3 | 120; 175 | 135; 200 | 120 |
T06/13 (V4547) | 2 | 120; 175 | 135; 200 | 120 |
T03/17 (V4548) | 7 | 120; 175 | 130; 200 | 120 |
T03/17 (4549) | 9 | 120; 175 | 130; 200 | 120 |
T03/17 (V4550) | 7 | 120; 175 | 130; 200 | 120 |
T03/17 (V4551) | 7 | 120; 175 | 130; 200 | 120 |
T03/17 (V4552) | 8 | 120; 175 | 130; 200 | 120 |
T06/16 (V4538) | 4 | 120; 190 | 130; 200 | 135 |
T06/16 (V4539) | 3 | 120; 175 | 130; 200 | 135 |
T06/16 (V4540) | 3 | 120; 175 | 130; 200 | 135 |
T06/16 (V4541) | 3 | 120; 175 | 130; 200 | 135 |
T06/16 (V4542) | 3 | 120; 175 | 130; 200 | 135 |
PAN 3144_1 | 4 | 120; 190 | 135; 200 | 120 |
PAN 3144_2 | 4 | 120; 190 | 135; 200 | 120 |
PAN 3144_3 | 4 | 120; 195 | 135; 210 | 120 |
PAN 3144_4 | 4 | 120; 190 | 135; 200 | 120 |
PAN 3144_5 | 4 | 120; 195 | 135; 210 | 120 |
Accession(s) Selected or Developed with D. noxia Biotype | D. noxia Biotype Used to Phenotype for Linkage Analysis ₸ | 7D Markers Found (Reference) |
---|---|---|
PI 137739, PI 262660, PI 294994 selected with RWASA1 * and Betta-Dn1, Betta-Dn2, Betta-Dn9, Tugela-Dn1, Tugela-Dn2, Karee-Dn2, Karee-Dn8 developed with RWASA1 * [124] | RWA1 * | Xgwm111 200,210,220 [80] Xgwm635 100 [80] |
Sando selection 4040 × PI 220127 F2:3 developed with RWA1 [80] | RWA1 | Xgwm111 225 [86] |
Carson x PI 262660 F2:3 developed with RWA1 [79] | RWA1 | Xgwm437100, 102, 104 [79] |
PI 372129, PI 243781, Thunderbird × PI 372129 (Dn4), Wichita × PI 372129 (Dn4), Wichita × PI 243781 (Dn6), and AL359 × PI 243781 (Dn6) developed with RWA1 [60] | RWA1 | Xgwm44180 [60] Xgwm111200 [60] |
F2 Betta-Dn1 †/Tugela-Dn2 † F2 Betta-Dn5 †/Tugela-Dn1 † F2 Karee-Dn5 †/Tugela-Dn2 † F2 PI 220127 (Dnx)/Tugela-Dn1 † F2 PI 220127 (Dnx)/Tugela-Dn2 † F2 PI 243781 (Dn6)/PI 137739(Dn1) # F2 PI 243781 (Dn6)/PI 372129(Dn4) # TC1 F1 Wichita//(Betta-Dn1 †/Tugela-Dn2 †) # TC1 F1 Wichita//(Karee-Dn5 †/Tugela-Dn2 †) TC1 F1 Wichita//(PI 243781 Dn6/PI 137739 Dn1) # | RWA1 | Xgwm44180, 200 [86] Xgwm111210 [86] |
NIL 92RL28, (PI 294994/5 * ‘Palmiet’) developed with RWASA1 * | RWASA1 | Xgwm44180 [87] Xgwm111215 [87] Xgwm437105 [87] |
PI626580 × Yuma F2:3 developed with RWA2 [49] | RWA2 | Xbarc214237 [49] Xgwm437124 [49] Xgwm473244 [49] MS1251 [49] |
‘Glupro’ × CItr2401 F2:3 and CItr2401 × ‘Glupro’ F2:3 developed with RWA2 [95] | RWA2 | Xgwm111274 [95] Xgwm473244 [95] |
Tugela−Dn2, Tugela−Dn5, Palmiet−Dn5, PI 137739 (=SA1684), PI 262660 (=SA2199), PI 294,994 (=SA463), Chinese Spring 7DS dt, Chinese Spring 7DL dt, Tugela, Tugela × Tugela-Dn1 F3:4 developed with RWASA1 [83] | RWASA1 | Xgwm111 210, 240, 250 [83] |
134 diverse wheat accessions selected with RWASY [98] | RWASY | wPt-733729 [98] wPt-665471 [98] wPt-3018 [98] wPt-3291 [98] |
DH mapping population derived from EGA Gregory × PI94365 developed without phenotyping [99] | RWASA1 RWASA2 RWASA3 RWASY RWATR | § QTL_RWASA1_7D [99] QTL_RWASA2_7D [99] QTL_RWATR_rolling_7D[99] |
Wheat Accession | Pedigree | Accession Status | D. noxia R-Gene(s) Potentially Present | Mean (SEM) RWASA1 Score * | Mean (SEM) RWASA2 Score * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hugenoot | Betta//Flamink/Amigo | Cultivar, Susceptible check | None | 9.3 (0.45) | 9.0 (0.58) |
PI 137739”S” | Not applicable | Selection from Dn1 D. noxia R-donor, Landrace ex. Iran | Dn1 and/or Dn137739”S” | 5.1 (1.68) | 4.5 (1.94) |
Betta-DN | PI 137739/*4Betta(4) | Cultivar | Dn1 | 5.5 (1.74) | 8.2 (1.09) |
Gariep | PI 137739/*4 Molopo(20) | Cultivar, Differential check | Dn1 | 5.3 (0.55) | 8.0 (1.01) |
Tugela-DN | Tugela*4/PI 137739 | Cultivar | Dn1 | 5.4 (1.34) | 7.7 (0.98) |
PI 262660 | Not applicable | D. noxia R-donor, Landrace ex. Azerbaijan | Dn2 | 4.4 (0.54) | 6.7 (2.20) |
BettaDn2 | Betta*4/PI 262660 | Advanced breeding-line [SYN = PI 634769] | Dn2 | 5.3 (1.07) | - |
TugelaDn2 | Tugela*4/PI 262660 | Advanced breeding-line [SYN = PI 634772] | Dn2 | 6.0 (1.18) | - |
Yumar | Yuma/PI-372129//CO-850034/3/4*Yuma | Cultivar, Differential check | Dn4 | 5.9 (1.36) | 7.6 (1.82) |
PI 294994 | Not applicable | D. noxia R-donor, Landrace ex. Bulgaria | Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown | 4.0 (0.80) | 4.1 (0.25) |
T05/02 | PI-294994/*4Molen | Advanced breeding-line | Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown | 3.9 (1.21) | 3.9 (0.69) |
T06/13 | Karee/4/PI-294994/*4Gamtoos/3/YD”S”/BON//Dove”S” # | Advanced breeding-line | Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown | 3.9 (1.74) | 3.7 (0.92) |
PAN 3144 | PANNAR ® Proprietary information | Cultivar, Differential check | Gene not known | 4.1 (0.80) | 3.5 (0.59) |
PI 243781 | Not applicable | D. noxia R-donor, Landrace ex. Iran | Dn6 | 3.1 (0.87) | 5.5 (2.02) |
PI 634775 | Karee*6/PI 294994 | Advanced breeding-line | Dn8 | 8.1 (1.92) | - |
PI 634770 | PI 294994/*4Betta | Advanced breeding-line | Dn9 | 5.6 (0.66) | - |
PI 586954 [KS94WGRC29] | PI-220127/P5//TAM200/KS87H66 | Advanced breeding-line | Dnx | 4.4 (0.75) | 4.1 (0.46) |
PI 586,955 [KS94WGRC30] | PI-220127/P5//TAM200/KS87H66 | Advanced breeding-line | Dnx | 3.2 (1.05) | 4.1 (1.42) |
PI 047545 | Not applicable | D. noxia R-donor, Landrace ex. Iran | Dn47545 | 3.2 (1.49) | 3.7 (0.74) |
PI 626580 | Not applicable | D. noxia R-donor, Landrace ex. Iran | Dn626580 | 5.1 (1.35) | 4.5 (1.31) |
CItr 2401 | Not applicable | D. noxia R-donor, Resistant check, Landrace ex. Tajikistan | Dn2401 | 3.6 (0.58) | 4.0 (0.58) |
RIL-A50 | Kavkaz*5/CItr 2401 | F6 recombinant inbred line | None | 8.0 (1.65) | 6.6 (1.76) |
T03/17 | SST333(ex.PI262660)//661L1–33/Tugela-DN(ex. PI 137739) | Advanced breeding-line | Dn1 + Dn2 | 4.4 (1.11) | 5.1 (1.20) |
T06/16 | Gariep(ex.PI137739)/4/PI-294994/*4Gamtoos/3/YD”S”/BON//Dove”S” | Advanced breeding-line | Dn1 + Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown | 4.1 (1.93) | 3.3 (0.94) |
BW991405 | PI-294994/*4BTA//TMP/CI13523-STW646408/4/FKS*3/3/W66136//Mayo/WRR4255-49-5/5/CItr 2401/*4Kariega | Advanced breeding-line | Dn2401 + Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown | 7.0 (1.49) | 6.4 (1.80) |
BW991308 | PI-294994/4*Molen//CItr 2401/*4Kariega | Advanced breeding-line | Dn2401 + Dn5, Dn8, Dn9, DnUnknown | - | 4.9 (2.16) |
Differential Checks | D. noxia R-Gene | RWASA1 | RWASA2 | RWASA3 | RWASA4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hugenoot | None | S | S | S | S |
Gariep | Dn1 | MR | S | S | S |
Yumar | Dn4 | MR | MR | S | S |
PAN 3144 | Gene not known | R | R | R | S |
CItr 2401 | Dn2401 | R | R | R | R |
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Tolmay, V.L.; Sydenham, S.L.; Sikhakhane, T.N.; Nhlapho, B.N.; Tsilo, T.J. Elusive Diagnostic Markers for Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in Bread Wheat: Deliberating and Reviewing the Status Quo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8271. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218271
Tolmay VL, Sydenham SL, Sikhakhane TN, Nhlapho BN, Tsilo TJ. Elusive Diagnostic Markers for Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in Bread Wheat: Deliberating and Reviewing the Status Quo. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8271. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218271
Chicago/Turabian StyleTolmay, Vicki L., Scott L. Sydenham, Thandeka N. Sikhakhane, Bongiwe N. Nhlapho, and Toi J. Tsilo. 2020. "Elusive Diagnostic Markers for Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in Bread Wheat: Deliberating and Reviewing the Status Quo" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8271. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218271