Search for Reliable Circulating Biomarkers to Predict Carotid Plaque Vulnerability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Atherosclerosis and Plaque Vulnerability
3. Carotid Plaque Vulnerability and Ischemic Stroke
4. Search for Circulating Biomarkers in Atherothrombotic Ischemic Stroke
5. Lipid-related and Lipoproteins Biomarkers
5.1. Lipids and Lipoproteins
5.2. Lipoprotein Components
5.3. Modified LDL
6. Inflammatory Biomarkers
6.1. Cytokines
6.2. Enzymes, Adhesion Molecules and Cell Receptors
6.3. Adipokines
7. Other Stroke Biomarkers
8. Novel Therapies
9. Plasma Biomarkers in the Clinical Practice and Future Directions
- (1)
- Testing the association between circulating biomarkers and clinical outcomes in big cohorts. Although little observational studies are useful to drive hypothesis, they have to be tested ultimately in big cohorts, in order to increase the sample size. In this regard, we would encourage basic and translational researchers to partnerships with clinicians in big clinical cohorts or trials. Biomarkers substudies within big cohort studies or trials are warranted to increase the evidence of the predictive value of circulating biomarkers.
- (2)
- Studying the association between circulating and imaging biomarkers. There are many validated imaging biomarkers that are currently used to predict carotid plaque vulnerability. Studying the association between these validated imaging biomarkers and circulating molecules can be a useful intermediate step for selecting good candidates before testing their predictive value in big cohorts.
- (3)
- Including circulating biomarkers in predictive scores. In the field of stroke, there are several examples that demonstrate that merging information from clinical, imaging, and laboratory variables increases the predictive power of some scales created to predict stroke recurrences. We believe that this approach should be taken into account in future research as it may increase the chances of a hypothetical implementation of circulating biomarkers in the clinical practice.
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basal State/Asymptomatic | ≤24 h | ≤14 d | ≥14 d | Plaque | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lipid-related and lipoproteins biomarkers | TC | P | P | [41,42] | |||
LDLc | P | P | P | [41,42,43] | |||
HDLc | P | P | P | [41,42] | |||
HDL3 | P | [44] | |||||
PCSK9 | P | Yes | [45] | ||||
apoA-I | P, S | P, S | Yes | [46,47] | |||
apoE | P | S | S | Yes | [48,49] | ||
apoJ | P | S | S | Yes | [49,50,51] | ||
PAF-AH | S | S | S | Yes | [52,53,54,55] | ||
oxLDL | P | P | Yes | [56,57,58] | |||
aggLDL | Yes | [59] | |||||
Inflammatory biomarkers | hs-CRP | S | P, S | P, S | [60,61] | ||
PTX3 | S | P | P | S | Yes | [62,63] | |
IL-6 | P, S | P, S | P, S | Yes | [64,65,66] | ||
IL-18 | S | S | Yes | [67,68] | |||
IL-23 | S | Yes | [69] | ||||
MCP1 | P, S | [70] | |||||
TNF-α | P | P * | P * | Yes | [64,65,66,71,72] | ||
MMP-2 | P | S | Yes | [66,73,74] | |||
MMP-7 | P | Yes | [75] | ||||
MMP-8 | S | [76] | |||||
MMP-9 | P, S | Yes | [71,77,78,79,80] | ||||
NGAL | S | [81] | |||||
MPO | P, S | P | [76,82] | ||||
E-selectin | P * | P * | Yes | [83] | |||
P-selectin | P * | P * | P * | [83,84] | |||
LOX-1 | P | S | P | P | Yes | [66,85,86,87,88] | |
CD36 | P | Yes | [39,89,90] | ||||
CD63 | P | [91] | |||||
CD163 | S | Yes | [39,92] | ||||
Ghrelin | P, S | [93,94] | |||||
Omentin-1 | S | [95,96] | |||||
Resistin | P | P | [97] | ||||
Vaspin | P, S | [93,94] | |||||
FABP4 | P | Yes | [98,99] | ||||
miRNA | miR-21 | S | S | Yes | [100,101] | ||
miR-126 | P | P | P | [102,103] | |||
miR-130a | P | P | P | [102,104] | |||
miR-133 | S | Yes | [105,106] | ||||
miR-143/145 | P | P | Yes | [102,105,106,107] | |||
miR-155 | P | Yes | [106] | ||||
miR-181b | P | P | [108] | ||||
miR-199b | P | [104] | |||||
miR-200c | P | Yes | [109] | ||||
miR-210 | P | P | Yes | [101] | |||
miR-221 | S | Yes | [106,110] | ||||
miR-320b | S | P | [102,111] | ||||
miR-330 | S | Yes | [103,110] | ||||
miR-242 | P | Yes | [102] | ||||
miR-494 | P | [102,112] |
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Puig, N.; Jiménez-Xarrié, E.; Camps-Renom, P.; Benitez, S. Search for Reliable Circulating Biomarkers to Predict Carotid Plaque Vulnerability. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218236
Puig N, Jiménez-Xarrié E, Camps-Renom P, Benitez S. Search for Reliable Circulating Biomarkers to Predict Carotid Plaque Vulnerability. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218236
Chicago/Turabian StylePuig, Núria, Elena Jiménez-Xarrié, Pol Camps-Renom, and Sonia Benitez. 2020. "Search for Reliable Circulating Biomarkers to Predict Carotid Plaque Vulnerability" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218236