Viruses in Cancers of the Digestive System: Active Contributors or Idle Bystanders?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Human Virome: Main Players
2.1. Phages
2.2. Viruses
3. Role of Viruses in the Development of Cancers of the Gastrointestinal System
3.1. Oral Cancer
3.2. Esophageal Cancer
3.3. Gastric Cancer
3.4. Liver Cancer
3.5. Bile Duct Cancer
3.6. Pancreatic Cancer
3.7. Colorectal Cancer
3.7.1. HBV and HCV
3.7.2. HPV
3.7.3. EBV
3.7.4. Cytomegalovirus
3.7.5. John Cunningham Virus
3.8. Anal Cancer
4. Discussion and Future Outlooks
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang | 2010 | HPV | Esophageal | China, USA | 435 | HPV infection is common in esophageal carcinoma, independent of region and ethnic group of origin | [40] |
Kirgan | 1990 | HPV | Colorectal | USA | 90 | Association between HPV and colon neoplasia | [41] |
Lee | 2001 | HPV | Colorectal | Taiwan | 38 | HPV-18 is a possible risk factor | [42] |
Alexandrou | 2014 | HPV | Anal | Greece | 11 | Lower incidence of HPV in anal cancer compared to other Western countries | [43] |
Kabarriti | 2019 | HPV | Anal | USA | 5927 | HPV is a significant prognostic marker in anal cancer, especially for locally advanced disease | [44] |
Muresu | 2020 | HPV | Anal | Italy | 30 | HPV is a possible risk factor | [45] |
Awerkiew | 2003 | HPV, EBV | Esophageal | Germany | 37 | EBV, but not HPV, was detected in esophageal cancer samples | [46] |
Martínez-López | 2014 | EBV | Gastric | Mexico | 297 | Possible role for EBV in gastric cancer and early precursor lesions. | [47] |
Corallo | 2020 | EBV | Gastric | Italy | 175 | Patients with EBV-positive gastric cancer who did not receive ICI had a better response to first-line chemotherapy and better survival compared with EBV-negative patients | [48] |
Li | 2004 | EBV | Hepatic | China | 141 | Presence of HBV infection in HCC tissues | [49] |
Song | 2006 | EBV | Colorectal | China | 115 | Possible association of EBV with colorectal carcinoma | [50] |
Fiorina | 2014 | HPV, EBV, JCV, BKV | Colorectal | Italy | 44 | No or weak association of HPV, EBV, JCV, and BKV with colorectal cancer | [51] |
Laghi | 1999 | JCV | Colorectal | USA | 23 | JCV DNA may play a role in the chromosomal instability observed in colorectal carcinogenesis | [52] |
Hori | 2005 | JCV | Colorectal | Japan | 64 | Possible role of JCV in colorectal carcinogenesis | [53] |
Jung | 2008 | JCV | Colorectal | USA | 74 | JCV T-Antigen is expressed in the early stage of colorectal cancer | [54] |
Tokita | 2002 | TTV | Hepatic | Japan | 237 | High TTV abundance is an independent risk factor | [55] |
Iloeje | 2010 | HBV | Pancreatic | Taiwan | 22,471 | Chronic HBV infection may be associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer | [56] |
Zhou | 2012 | HBV, HCV | Bile duct | Meta-analyses (13 case-control studies and 3 cohort studies) | - | HBV and HCV are risk factors in bile duct cancer | [57] |
Hassan | 2008 | HBV | Pancreatic | USA | 476 | Past exposure to HBV is a possible risk factor in pancreatic cancer | [58] |
Su | 2020 | HBV | Colorectal | Taiwan | 69,478 | Chronic HBV infection is strongly associated with increased risk of developing colorectal cancer | [59] |
Dimberg | 2013 | CMV | Colorectal | Sweden, Vietnam | 202 | CMV DNA rate was significantly higher in cancerous tissues compared to normal tissues | [60] |
Chen | 2016 | CMV | Colorectal | Taiwan | 556 | More favorable disease-free survival rate in non-elderly patients with CMV-positive tumors, specifically in patients with stage III disease | [61] |
Chen | 2015 | CMV | Colorectal | USA, France, Italy, Japan, China, Taiwan | 92 | Specific genetic CMV polymorphisms are associated with different clinical outcomes | [62] |
Jin | 2019 | HIV | Anal | Australia | Not applicable | People living with HIV are at markedly higher risk of anal cancer | [63] |
Colón-López | 2018 | HIV | Anal | USA | Not applicable | Anal cancer incidence is markedly elevated among people with HIV infection | [64] |
Grew | 2015 | HIV | Anal | USA | Not applicable | HIV-positive patients had significantly worse overall and colostomy-free survival rates than HIV-negative patients | [65] |
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Marônek, M.; Link, R.; Monteleone, G.; Gardlík, R.; Stolfi, C. Viruses in Cancers of the Digestive System: Active Contributors or Idle Bystanders? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218133
Marônek M, Link R, Monteleone G, Gardlík R, Stolfi C. Viruses in Cancers of the Digestive System: Active Contributors or Idle Bystanders? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218133
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarônek, Martin, René Link, Giovanni Monteleone, Roman Gardlík, and Carmine Stolfi. 2020. "Viruses in Cancers of the Digestive System: Active Contributors or Idle Bystanders?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218133