Crossbreeding of Yeasts Domesticated for Fermentation: Infertility Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sex Determination and Behaviour in Budding Yeasts
3. Mating Type Switching and Autodiploidization
4. Infertility Challenges of Industrial Yeasts
4.1. Past and Current Situations of Yeast Sporulation
4.2. Loss-of-Function Mutations in Nutrient-Regulated Genes
4.3. Chromosome Recombination Defect in Meiosis
4.4. Difficulty and Contradiction in Conventional Crossbreeding
5. Alternative Techniques for Acquiring Mating-Competent Yeast Cells
5.1. Artificial Mating Type Conversion Using the Ho Endonuclease
5.2. Chromosomal Aberrations Related with Mating Type
5.3. Conversion of the MAT Gene in Haploid Cells
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
asg | a-type-specific genes |
αsg | α-type-specific genes |
DSBs | double strand breaks |
FACS | fluorescence-activated cell sorting |
GPCR | G-protein coupled receptor |
hsg | haploid-specific genes |
LOH | loss of heterozygosity |
MAPK | mitogen activated protein kinase |
PDS | post-diauxic shift |
PKA | protein kinase A |
RNP | ribonucleoprotein particle |
STRE | stress response element |
TORC1 | target of rapamycin complex I |
URS | upstream repression sequence |
References
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Gene | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|
MAT | mating type locus; a or α allele | [7,8] |
STE2 | seven transmembrane receptor for α-factor pheromone | [18] |
STE3 | seven transmembrane receptor for a-factor pheromone | [18] |
MFA1 | mating pheromone a-factor | [18] |
MFα1 | mating pheromone α-factor | [18] |
GPA1 | GTP-binding α subunit of heterotrimeric G-protein | [18,19] |
STE4 | β subunit of heterotrimeric G-protein | [18,19] |
STE18 | γ subunit of heterotrimeric G-protein | [18,19] |
IME1 | master regulator of meiosis | [20] |
RME1 | zinc finger protein involved in control of meiosis | [20] |
IRT1 | long noncoding RNA located in the IME1 promoter | [21] |
HMRa * | silenced copy of a sequence | [22] |
HMLα | silenced copy of α sequence | [22] |
HO | site-specific endonuclease for the MAT locus | [18] |
ASH1 | zinc-finger inhibitor of HO transcription | [23] |
SHE1 | type V myosin motor involved in actin-based transport | [24] |
SHE2 | RNA-binding protein that binds specific mRNAs | [24] |
SHE3 | protein adaptor between She1 and the She2-mRNA complex | [24] |
MSN2 | stress responsive transcriptional activator | [25,26] |
MSN4 | stress responsive transcriptional activator | [25,26] |
RIM15 | protein kinase involved in cell proliferation | [27] |
IME2 | serine/threonine protein kinase involved in activation of meiosis | [28,29] |
GIS1 | histone demethylase and transcription factor | [30] |
SPO11 | meiosis-specific protein that initiates meiotic recombination | [31] |
Cell Type | Mating-Related Genes | Meiosis-Related Genes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
asg | αsg | hsg | RME1 | IRT1 | IME1 | |
a * | ON | OFF | ON | ON | ON | OFF |
α | OFF | ON | ON | ON | ON | OFF |
a/α | OFF | OFF | OFF | OFF | OFF | ON |
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Fukuda, N. Crossbreeding of Yeasts Domesticated for Fermentation: Infertility Challenges. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217985
Fukuda N. Crossbreeding of Yeasts Domesticated for Fermentation: Infertility Challenges. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217985
Chicago/Turabian StyleFukuda, Nobuo. 2020. "Crossbreeding of Yeasts Domesticated for Fermentation: Infertility Challenges" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217985