Differential Defense Responses of Upland and Lowland Switchgrass Cultivars to a Cereal Aphid Pest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. YSA Colonized Both Cultivars with Different Damage Outcomes
2.2. Hormones and Metabolites Were Affected by YSA Infestation
2.3. Transcriptomic Responses to YSA Infestation
2.4. Temporal Gene Expression Varied in Response to YSA Infestation
2.5. Functional Mechanisms in Response to YSA Infestation
2.6. Cultivar Specific Functional Mechanisms in Response to YSA Infestation
2.7. Transcription Factors’ Role in Transcriptome Response to YSA Infestation
3. Discussion
3.1. Commonalities in Defense Response between Both Cultivars
3.2. Rate in the Change of Plant Damage and Gene Expression/Metabolomics Variation over the Time
3.3. Evidence for Differential Priming of Aphid Defense Mechanisms
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Growth Conditions and Treatments
4.2. RNA Extraction and Sequencing
4.3. RNA-Seq Analysis
4.4. Gene Ontology (GO) Analysis
4.5. Plant Hormone and Metabolite Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conditions | Up | Down | Gene Number | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kanlow | 5 DAI | 110 | 52 | 162 |
10 DAI | 55 | 37 | 92 | |
15 DAI | 313 | 57 | 370 | |
Summer | 5 DAI | 760 | 818 | 1578 |
10 DAI | 574 | 33 | 607 | |
15 DAI | 1485 | 366 | 1851 |
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Pingault, L.; Palmer, N.A.; Koch, K.G.; Heng-Moss, T.; Bradshaw, J.D.; Seravalli, J.; Twigg, P.; Louis, J.; Sarath, G. Differential Defense Responses of Upland and Lowland Switchgrass Cultivars to a Cereal Aphid Pest. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217966
Pingault L, Palmer NA, Koch KG, Heng-Moss T, Bradshaw JD, Seravalli J, Twigg P, Louis J, Sarath G. Differential Defense Responses of Upland and Lowland Switchgrass Cultivars to a Cereal Aphid Pest. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217966
Chicago/Turabian StylePingault, Lise, Nathan A. Palmer, Kyle G. Koch, Tiffany Heng-Moss, Jeffrey D. Bradshaw, Javier Seravalli, Paul Twigg, Joe Louis, and Gautam Sarath. 2020. "Differential Defense Responses of Upland and Lowland Switchgrass Cultivars to a Cereal Aphid Pest" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217966