In the Model Host Caenorhabditis elegans, Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Mediated Signaling Increases Immunity toward Human Opportunistic Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Sphingosine Kinase and S1P Transporters Affect the C. elegans Immune Response
2.2. External Supplementation of S1P Extends Worm Survival
2.3. S1P Has No or Nominal Antimicrobial Activity
2.4. S1P Signaling Depends on p38 MAPK Pathway and the Transcription Factor hlh-30
2.5. S1P Signaling Affects C. Elegans Immune Effect Gene Lys-2
2.6. S1P Signaling Has a Modest Effect on C. Elegans Lifespan in a Normal Food Source
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Nematode Strains
4.2. Bacterial Strains and Maintenance
4.3. Reagents and Media Preparation
4.4. C. elegans Lifespan and Killing Assay
4.5. Measuring Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
4.6. Sequence Alignment
4.7. RNA Preparation, cDNA Synthesis, and Quantitative PCR
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
S1P | Sphingosine-1-phosphate |
C. elegans | Caenorhabditis elegans |
P. aeruginosa | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
E. faecalis | Enterococcus faecalis |
UPRmt | Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response |
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References | Sequence Name | Gene Name | Direction | Sequence |
---|---|---|---|---|
[44] | Y22F5A.5 | lys-2 | F | GCTGGATTGGGAATTGAGAC |
Y22F5A.5 | lys-2 | R | GACGTTGGCAGTTGGATTG | |
[23] | F35C5.6 | clec-63 | F | AGGAGCTGCTCTTCAAACCA |
F35C5.6 | clec-63 | R | TCCAGGATGAGGAGATGGTG | |
[45] | T07C4.4 | spp-1 | F | TGGACTATGCTGTTGCCGTT |
T07C4.4 | spp-1 | R | ACGCCTTGTCTGGAGAATCC | |
[46] | K08D8.5 | F | CCGGGAAGTCGAATGAACAT | |
K08D8.5 | R | GATGCAACACCTGCCAAAGA | ||
[47] | F08G5.6 | irg-4 | F | CACAATGATTTCAATGCGAGA |
F08G5.6 | irg-4 | R | GTTTCGACCGAGAAATCGAG | |
[47] | F55G11.2 | F | TGGTTCTCCAGACGTGTTCA | |
F55G11.2 | R | CAGCCTTGCCTTTACTGACA | ||
[48] | C54G10.3 | pmp-3 | F | GTTCCCGTGTTCATCACTCAT |
C54G10.3 | pmp-3 | R | ACACCGTCGAGAAGCTGTAGA | |
[48] | Y45F10D.4 | F | GTCGCTTCAAATCAGTTCAGC | |
Y45F10D.4 | R | GTTCTTGTCAAGTGATCCGACA | ||
[23] | F56D6.2 | clec-67 | F | CGGGCTGGGAATATATCAAT |
F56D6.2 | clec-67 | R | CAATAGGTTGTGGCGTATGG |
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Lee, K.; Escobar, I.; Jang, Y.; Kim, W.; Ausubel, F.M.; Mylonakis, E. In the Model Host Caenorhabditis elegans, Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Mediated Signaling Increases Immunity toward Human Opportunistic Bacteria. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217813
Lee K, Escobar I, Jang Y, Kim W, Ausubel FM, Mylonakis E. In the Model Host Caenorhabditis elegans, Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Mediated Signaling Increases Immunity toward Human Opportunistic Bacteria. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):7813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217813
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Kiho, Iliana Escobar, Yeeun Jang, Wooseong Kim, Frederick M. Ausubel, and Eleftherios Mylonakis. 2020. "In the Model Host Caenorhabditis elegans, Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Mediated Signaling Increases Immunity toward Human Opportunistic Bacteria" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 7813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217813