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Gut–Brain Axis: Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders and How Probiotics/Prebiotics Beneficially Modulate Microbial and Immune Pathways to Improve Brain Functions

by 1,2 and 1,2,*
1
Department of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
2
Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(20), 7551; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207551
Received: 1 September 2020 / Revised: 6 October 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 / Published: 13 October 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology)
The gut microbiome acts as an integral part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that has the largest and vulnerable surface with desirable features to observe foods, nutrients, and environmental factors, as well as to differentiate commensals, invading pathogens, and others. It is well-known that the gut has a strong connection with the central nervous system (CNS) in the context of health and disease. A healthy gut with diverse microbes is vital for normal brain functions and emotional behaviors. In addition, the CNS controls most aspects of the GI physiology. The molecular interaction between the gut/microbiome and CNS is complex and bidirectional, ensuring the maintenance of gut homeostasis and proper digestion. Besides this, several mechanisms have been proposed, including endocrine, neuronal, toll-like receptor, and metabolites-dependent pathways. Changes in the bidirectional relationship between the GIT and CNS are linked with the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and neurological disorders; therefore, the microbiota/gut-and-brain axis is an emerging and widely accepted concept. In this review, we summarize the recent findings supporting the role of the gut microbiota and immune system on the maintenance of brain functions and the development of neurological disorders. In addition, we highlight the recent advances in improving of neurological diseases by probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation via the concept of the gut–brain axis. View Full-Text
Keywords: gut microbiota; gut–brain axis; neurological disorders; probiotics; antibiotics gut microbiota; gut–brain axis; neurological disorders; probiotics; antibiotics
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MDPI and ACS Style

Suganya, K.; Koo, B.-S. Gut–Brain Axis: Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders and How Probiotics/Prebiotics Beneficially Modulate Microbial and Immune Pathways to Improve Brain Functions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207551

AMA Style

Suganya K, Koo B-S. Gut–Brain Axis: Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders and How Probiotics/Prebiotics Beneficially Modulate Microbial and Immune Pathways to Improve Brain Functions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(20):7551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207551

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suganya, Kanmani, and Byung-Soo Koo. 2020. "Gut–Brain Axis: Role of Gut Microbiota on Neurological Disorders and How Probiotics/Prebiotics Beneficially Modulate Microbial and Immune Pathways to Improve Brain Functions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20: 7551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207551

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