Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Review on Biomarkers, Pathogenic Mechanisms, and Treatments
1
School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
2
Department of Dentistry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 404332, Taiwan
3
Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
4
Department of Dental Hygiene, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors equally contributed to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(19), 7231; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197231
Received: 31 August 2020 / Revised: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 26 September 2020 / Published: 30 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Links between Fibrogenesis and Cancer: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Challenges 2.0)
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a collagen deposition disorder that affects a patient’s oral function and quality of life. It may also potentially transform into malignancy. This review summarizes the risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms, and treatments of OSF based on clinical and bio-molecular evidence. Betel nut chewing is a major risk factor that causes OSF in Asia. However, no direct evidence of arecoline-induced carcinogenesis has been found in animal models. Despite identification of numerous biomarkers of OSF lesions and conducting trials with different drug combinations, clinicians still adopt conservative treatments that primarily focus on relieving the symptoms of OSF. Treatments focus on reducing inflammation and improving mouth opening to improve a patient’s quality of life. In conclusion, high-quality clinical studies are needed to aid clinicians in developing and applying molecular biomarkers as well as standard treatment guidelines.
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Keywords:
biomarkers; epidemiology; oral submucous fibrosis (OSF); pre-malignant disorders; therapeutic interventions
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Shen, Y.-W.; Shih, Y.-H.; Fuh, L.-J.; Shieh, T.-M. Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Review on Biomarkers, Pathogenic Mechanisms, and Treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 7231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197231
AMA Style
Shen Y-W, Shih Y-H, Fuh L-J, Shieh T-M. Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Review on Biomarkers, Pathogenic Mechanisms, and Treatments. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(19):7231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197231
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Yen-Wen; Shih, Yin-Hwa; Fuh, Lih-Jyh; Shieh, Tzong-Ming. 2020. "Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Review on Biomarkers, Pathogenic Mechanisms, and Treatments" Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, no. 19: 7231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197231
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