Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biomarkers in Saliva in Different Oral Diseases
2.1. Oral Lichen Planus
2.2. Periodontitis
2.3. Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome
2.4. Oral Leukoplakia
2.5. Peri-Implantitis
2.6. Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
OSCC | oral squamous cell carcinoma |
ILs | interleukins |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
OLP | oral lichen planus |
PD | periodontitis |
pSS | primary Sjögren’s syndrome |
MRONJ | medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw |
NO | nitric oxide |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor α |
Th | T-helper |
IL-2R | IL-2 receptor |
TRIM21 | tripartite motif-containing 21 |
RANKL | receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand |
PGE2 | prostaglandin E2 |
OPG | osteoprotegerin |
OSC | osteocalcin |
ALP | alkaline phosphatase |
LDH | lactate dehydrogenase |
AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
ALT | alanine aminotransferase |
MMPs | matrix metalloproteases |
TIMP-1 | tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 |
HGF | hepatocyte growth factor |
NLRP3 | nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing protein 3 |
SP-1 | salivary protein-1 |
PSP | parotid secretory protein |
CA-6 | carbonic anhydrase VI |
TGFβ | transforming growth factor β |
EGF | epidermal growth factor |
BPs | bisphosphonates |
IL-1RA | interleukin-1 receptor antagonist |
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Biomarker | Oral Pathology | Salivary Levels in Diagnosed Patients | Clinical Relevance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cortisol | OLP | Increased levels [17,18,19] | Diagnosis and recurrence of the pathology [20,21] | |
Nitric Oxide | OLP | Increased levels [19] | Prognosis and presence of ulcers [22,23] | |
ROS | OLP | Unaltered levels [22] | Cellular oxidative stress [22,24] | |
CRP | OLP | Increased levels [22,25,26] | OLP progression [26] | |
PD | Increased levels [27,28,29,30] | PD prognosis (modulation of the inflammation) [27,28,29,30] | ||
TNF- α | OLP | Increased levels [19,31,32,33] | OLP diagnosis, commencement and progression [19,31] | |
PD | Increased levels [34] Decreased levels [35] | Uncertain diagnosis, and prognosis role [36,37,38,39] | ||
OL | Increased levels [40,41,42] Unaltered levels [43,44] | OL prognosis (malignant transformation, pre-oral cancer, and precancerous marker) [40,41,42] | ||
PI | Increased levels [45] | Diagnosis of the pathology [45] | ||
IL1 | IL1β | PD | Increased levels [35,38,39,46,47,48,49,50] | Diagnosis and progression (inflammatory modulation, severity-bone resorption, generalized PD and PD severity) [51,52,53,54,55] |
OL | Unaltered levels [44] | - | ||
PI | Increased levels [45,56] | Diagnosis of the pathology [45,56] | ||
IL1α & IL1β | OLP | Increased levels [19,32] | Immune and inflammatory response modulator [57,58] | |
MRONJ | Increased levels [59,60] | MRONJ diagnosis [59,60] | ||
IL1RA | MRONJ | Increased levels [59,60] | MRONJ diagnosis [59,60] | |
IL4 | OLP | Increased levels [19,61] | IL4 is not a good salivary marker for OLP prognosis [32,62] | |
PD | Increased levels [63] | - | ||
IL6 | OLP | Increased levels [19,32,64,65] | OLP prognosis (severity and wound marker). IL6 salivary marker is a good option for monitoring the treatment response [32,66] | |
PD | Increased levels [38,63,67] Unaltered levels [27,39,49,68] | PD prognosis (inflammatory modulator) [37,69,70] | ||
OL | Increased levels [41,71,72,73] Unaltered levels [44] | OL prognosis (tumor growth and higher blood vessel density) [74] | ||
PI | Increased levels [45,75] | Early diagnosis and prognostic value [45,75] | ||
MRONJ | Increased levels [59,60] | MRONJ diagnosis [59,60] | ||
IL8 | OLP | Increased Levels [19,76,77] | IL8 is a solid salivary biomarker for OLP severity [32,66,78] | |
OL | Increased levels [41,71,72,73] Unaltered levels [44] | OL prognosis (tumor growth and higher blood vessel density) [74] | ||
PI | Increased Levels [79] | PI diagnosis [79] | ||
IL10 | OL | Increased Levels [42,80] Unaltered levels [44] | Uncertain association with premalignant oral lesions [42,80] | |
PI | Increased levels [45,75] | Early diagnosis and prognostic value [45,75] | ||
IL12 | pSS | Increased Levels [81] | Diagnostic and prognostic value [81] | |
IL17 | PD | Increased levels [54,63] | Localized periodontitis [54] | |
IL23 | PD | Increased levels [54] | Localized periodontitis [54] | |
IL37 | OL | Increased Levels [82] | ||
RANKL | PD | Increased levels [83] Unaltered levels [34,84] | Uncertain prognosis value (bone loss) [34,83,84] | |
MIP-1 | PD | Increased levels [85,86] | Diagnosis [85,86] | |
OPG | PD | Decreased levels [83] Unaltered levels [34,84] | Uncertain prognosis value (bone loss) [34,83,84] | |
OSC | PD | Decreased levels [83] Unaltered levels [34,84] | Uncertain prognosis value (bone loss) [34,83,84] | |
ALP | PD | Increased levels [67,87,88,89,90,91,92] | Diagnosis of the pathology [67,87,88,89,90,91,92] | |
LDH | PD | Increased levels [67,87,88,89,90,91,92] | Diagnosis of the pathology [67,87,88,89,90,91,92] | |
AST | PD | Increased levels [67,87,88,89,90,91,92] | Diagnosis of the pathology [67,87,88,89,90,91,92] | |
ALT | PD | Increased levels [67,87,88,89,90,91,92] | Diagnosis of the pathology [67,87,88,89,90,91,92] | |
MMP8 | PD | Increased levels [27,39,47,48,67,87,93] | Very useful salivary biomarker for the diagnosis of PD [27,39,47,48,67,87,93] and PD severity [94] | |
MMP9 | PD | Increased levels [27,35] | Diagnosis [27,35] | |
MRONJ | Increased levels [95,96] | MRONJ diagnosis [95,96] | ||
TIMP1 | PD | Decreased levels [93,97] | PD prognosis (advanced PD) [93] | |
HGF | PD | Increased levels [98,99] | Prognosis of the pathology [98,99,100] | |
NLRP3 | PD | Increased levels [55] | PD severity and chronicity. Also useful as a salivary biomarker for preventive or therapeutic purposes [55] | |
CD44 | pSS | Increased levels [101] | Diagnostic and prognostic value [101] | |
B2M | pSS | Increased levels [102] | Diagnostic and prognostic value [102] | |
SP1 | pSS | Increased levels [103,104] | Early diagnosis and prognostic value [103,104] | |
PSP | pSS | Increased levels [103,104] | Early diagnosis and prognostic value [103,104] | |
CA6 | pSS | Increased levels [103,104] | Early diagnosis and prognostic value [103,104] | |
LDH | OL | Increased levels [105,106] | Risk of malignant transformation of OL [105,106] | |
TGFβ | OL | Unaltered levels [80,107,108] | Uncertain diagnosis and prognosis value [80,107,108] | |
EGF | OL | Unaltered levels [80,107,108] | Uncertain diagnosis and prognosis value [80,107,108] |
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Melguizo-Rodríguez, L.; Costela-Ruiz, V.J.; Manzano-Moreno, F.J.; Ruiz, C.; Illescas-Montes, R. Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145173
Melguizo-Rodríguez L, Costela-Ruiz VJ, Manzano-Moreno FJ, Ruiz C, Illescas-Montes R. Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(14):5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145173
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelguizo-Rodríguez, Lucía, Victor J. Costela-Ruiz, Francisco Javier Manzano-Moreno, Concepción Ruiz, and Rebeca Illescas-Montes. 2020. "Salivary Biomarkers and Their Application in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of the Most Common Oral Pathologies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14: 5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145173