Steam Reforming of Model Bio-Oil Aqueous Fraction Using Ni-(Cu, Co, Cr)/SBA-15 Catalysts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of Fresh Catalysts
2.2. Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil Aqueous Fraction Model Compounds
2.2.1. Thermodynamic Analysis of Steam Reforming of Model Compounds
2.2.2. Steam Reforming of Model Compounds on Ni-M/SBA-15 Catalysts
2.2.3. Coke Formation during the Steam Reforming of Model Compounds on Ni-M/SBA-15 Catalysts
2.3. Steam Reforming of Model Bio-Oil Aqueous Fraction
3. Experimental
3.1. Catalyst Synthesis and Characterization
3.2. Catalytic Tests
3.3. Thermodynamic Calculations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Nia (wt %) | Ma,b (wt %) | SBET (m2g−1) | Vporec (cm3g−1) | Dpored (nm) | DNie (nm) | TPR Profile < 400 °C | TPR Profile > 400 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (%) | Area (%) | |||||||
Ni/SBA-15 | 13.5 ± 0.1 | - | 521 ± 4 | 0.77 ± 0.02 | 8.3 ± 0.1 | 10.6 ± 0.5 | 69.8 | 30.2 |
Ni-Cu/SBA-15 | 15.0 ± 0.1 | 4 ± 0.1 | 485 ± 1 | 0.71 ± 0.01 | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 9.9 ± 0.2 | 99.0 | 1.0 |
Ni-Co/SBA-15 | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 4 ± 0.1 | 486 ± 1 | 0.72 ± 0.02 | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 67.7 | 32.3 |
Ni-Cr/SBA-15 | 14.3 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 482 ± 3 | 0.68 ± 0.03 | 8.3 ± 0.1 | 5.8 ± 0.1 | 16.5 | 83.5 |
Catalyst | AA | HA | Fur | Ph |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ni/SBA-15 | 44.8 ± 0.5 | 96.3 ± 1.0 | 21.2 ± 0.2 | 14.1 ± 0.2 |
Ni-Cu/SBA-15 | 154.0 ± 1.6 | 165.0 ± 1.8 | 96.7 ± 1.1 | 19.8 ± 0.2 |
Ni-Co/SBA-15 | 35.8 ± 0.4 | 77.0 ± 0.8 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.0 ± 0.2 |
Ni-Cr/SBA-15 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 18.3 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.2 |
Catalyst | AA | HA | Fur | Ph |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ni/SBA-15 | 87.6 ± 1.4 | 99.5 ± 0.0 | 77.4 ± 3.0 | 69.9 ± 2.6 |
Ni-Cu/SBA-15 | 80.4 ± 2.2 | 96.5 ± 0.4 | 84.7 ± 2.1 | 74.0 ± 2.3 |
Ni-Co/SBA-15 | 99.5 ± 0.1 | 100 ± 0.0 | 97.9 ± 0.3 | 89.5 ± 0.9 |
Ni-Cr/SBA-15 | 98.4 ± 0.2 | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 95.5 ± 0.6 | 91.5 ± 0.7 |
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Calles, J.A.; Carrero, A.; Vizcaíno, A.J.; García-Moreno, L.; Megía, P.J. Steam Reforming of Model Bio-Oil Aqueous Fraction Using Ni-(Cu, Co, Cr)/SBA-15 Catalysts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030512
Calles JA, Carrero A, Vizcaíno AJ, García-Moreno L, Megía PJ. Steam Reforming of Model Bio-Oil Aqueous Fraction Using Ni-(Cu, Co, Cr)/SBA-15 Catalysts. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(3):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030512
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalles, José A., Alicia Carrero, Arturo J. Vizcaíno, Lourdes García-Moreno, and Pedro J. Megía. 2019. "Steam Reforming of Model Bio-Oil Aqueous Fraction Using Ni-(Cu, Co, Cr)/SBA-15 Catalysts" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030512