Involvement of Progranulin and Granulin Expression in Inflammatory Responses after Cerebral Ischemia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Time Course of Changes in the Level and Cellular Source of PGRN after Cerebral Ischemia
2.2. Effect of Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation (OGD) on mRNA Levels of PGRN, TNF-α, and IL-1β in Cultured Microglia
2.3. Time Course of Changes in Activity of Elastase and the Level of GRN after Cerebral Ischemia
2.4. Time Course of Changes in mRNA Levels of TNF−α, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β after Cerebral Ischemia
2.5. Effect of Elastase Inhibitor on Elastase Activity and on Neutrophil Infiltration after Cerebral Ischemia
2.6. Effect of Elastase Inhibitor on the Levels PGRN and GRN Protein Levels and on mRNA Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β after Cerebral Ischemia
2.7. Effect of Elastase Inhibitor on Cell Injury and Neurological Deficits after Cerebral Ischemia
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Model of Microsphere-Induced Cerebral Embolism in Rats
4.2. Assessment of Neurological Deficit
4.3. Drug Administration
4.4. Isolation and Culture of Cortical Microglia
4.5. Western Immunoblotting
4.6. qRT-PCR
4.7. Immunohistochemistry
4.8. 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Staining
4.9. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-Mediated dUTP-Biotin Nick end Labeling
4.10. Elastase Activity
4.11. Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation (OGD)
4.12. Immunocytochemistry
4.13. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PGRN | Progranulin |
GRN | Granulin |
t-PA | Tissue plasminogen activator |
BBB | blood-brain barrier |
ME | Microsphere-induced cerebral embolism |
OGD | Oxygen/glucose deprivation |
GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein |
MPO | Myeloperoxidase |
TUNEL | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling |
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Horinokita, I.; Hayashi, H.; Oteki, R.; Mizumura, R.; Yamaguchi, T.; Usui, A.; Yuan, B.; Takagi, N. Involvement of Progranulin and Granulin Expression in Inflammatory Responses after Cerebral Ischemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205210
Horinokita I, Hayashi H, Oteki R, Mizumura R, Yamaguchi T, Usui A, Yuan B, Takagi N. Involvement of Progranulin and Granulin Expression in Inflammatory Responses after Cerebral Ischemia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(20):5210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205210
Chicago/Turabian StyleHorinokita, Ichiro, Hideki Hayashi, Rika Oteki, Risa Mizumura, Tatsuaki Yamaguchi, Akane Usui, Bo Yuan, and Norio Takagi. 2019. "Involvement of Progranulin and Granulin Expression in Inflammatory Responses after Cerebral Ischemia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 20: 5210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205210