Niacin Ameliorates Neuro-Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease via GPR109A
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Niacin on Parkinson’s Disease Subjects and an MPP+-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model of Neuronal Cell Line N27
2.2. LPS Induced the Translocation of Phosphorylated Nuclear Factor-κB (p-NF-κB) to the Nucleus Inhibited by Niacin in Cultured RAW264.7 Cells
2.3. Effect of Niacin on the Up-Regulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA Induced by LPS
2.4. Silencing of GPR109A by Gene-Specific siRNA in RAW264.7 Cells
2.5. Niacin Inhibits LPS-Induced Shuttling of p-NF-κB via GPR109A
2.6. Niacin Failed to Inhibit LPS-Induced Inflammation Response in GPR109A Knockdown Cells as Determined by Inflammatory Cytokines
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Antibodies and Reagents
4.2. PD Subjects
4.3. HPLC Analyses
4.4. Cell Culture
4.5. siRNA Transfection
4.6. Nuclear and Cytosolic Fractions
4.7. Western Blot
4.8. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis
4.9. Immunostaining
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GPR109A | G-protein-coupled receptor 109A |
IL-6 | Interleukin 6 |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
IL-1β | Interleukin 1β |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor κB |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
PD | Parkinson’s disease |
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Giri, B.; Belanger, K.; Seamon, M.; Bradley, E.; Purohit, S.; Chong, R.; Morgan, J.C.; Baban, B.; Wakade, C. Niacin Ameliorates Neuro-Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease via GPR109A. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184559
Giri B, Belanger K, Seamon M, Bradley E, Purohit S, Chong R, Morgan JC, Baban B, Wakade C. Niacin Ameliorates Neuro-Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease via GPR109A. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(18):4559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184559
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiri, Banabihari, Kasey Belanger, Marissa Seamon, Eric Bradley, Sharad Purohit, Raymond Chong, John C. Morgan, Babak Baban, and Chandramohan Wakade. 2019. "Niacin Ameliorates Neuro-Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease via GPR109A" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18: 4559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184559