Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as Models for Genetic Cardiomyopathies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Clinical Background
3. Genetic Basis of Inherited Cardiomyopathies
4. Generation of Patient-Specific-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Via Reprogramming
5. Genetic Modification of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines
6. Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes
7. Methods for the Functional Analysis of Cardiomyocytes Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
8. Overview about Existing iPSC Lines Carrying Cardiomyopathy Associated Mutations
9. Limitations of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
9.1. Genomic Instability
9.2. Heterogeneity of iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes
9.3. Cellular, Molecular, and Functional Differences of Adult Ventricular Cardiomyocytes and iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes
10. Testing of Gene Therapies Using iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes as in Vitro Models
11. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACMG | American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics Institute |
ACM | Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy |
CM | Cardiomyopathy |
DCM | Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
ESC | Embryonic Stem Cell |
HCM | Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
iPSC | Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell |
HTx | Heart Transplantation |
NCCM | Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy |
MP | Myopathy |
NMD | Nonsense Mediated RNA Decay |
RCM | Restrictive Cardiomyopathy |
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Gene | Protein | Function | HCM | DCM | NCCM | ACM | RCM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABCC9 | ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 9 | ABC transporter | [77] | ||||
ACAD9 | Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Member 9 | Dehydrogenase | [78] | ||||
ACADVL | Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Very Long Chain | Dehydrogenase | [79] | ||||
ACTC1 | Cardiac Actin | Sarcomere protein | [43,80] | [81] | [82] | [83] | |
ACTN2 | α-Actinin 2 | Z-band protein | [84] | [85] | [86] | [69] | |
ADRB2 | Adrenoreceptor β2 | G-protein coupled receptor | [87] | ||||
AKAP9 | A Kinase Anchoring Protein 9 | Scaffolding protein | [88] | ||||
ALMS1 | Alstrom Syndrome Protein 1 | Microtubule organization | [89] 1 | ||||
ALPK3 | α-Kinase 3 | Kinase | [90] | [90] | |||
ANK2 | Ankyrin 2 | Cytoskeleton linker protein | [91] | [92] | |||
ANKRD1 | Ankyrin Repeat Domain Containing Protein 1 | Transcription factor | [93] | [94,95] | |||
BAG3 | Bcl-2 Associated Athanogene 3 | Co-chaperone | [96] | [69,97] | |||
BRAF | B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase | Kinase | [98] 2 | ||||
C2ORF40 | Chromosome 2 Open Reading Frame 40 | Hormone | [99] | ||||
CACNA1C | Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit α1C | Calcium channel | [100] | ||||
CALM3 | Calmodulin 3 | Calcium binding | [101] 3 | ||||
CALR3 | Calreticulin 3 | Calcium binding chaperone | [46] | ||||
CASQ2 | Calsequestrin 2 | Calcium binding | [46] | ||||
CASZ1 | Castor Zinc Finger 1 | Transcription factor | [102] | [103] | |||
CAV3 | Caveolin 3 | Scaffolding protein | [104] | ||||
CAVIN4 | Muscle Restricted Coiled Coil Protein | Myofibrillar organization | [105] | ||||
CDH2 | N-Cadherin | Cell–cell adhesion | [106,107] | ||||
CHRM2 | Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 2 | G-protein coupled receptor | [108] | ||||
COL3A1 | Collagen Type III Alpha 1 Chain | Extra cellular matrix protein | [109] 4 | ||||
COX15 | Cytochrome C Oxidase Assembly Homolog COX15 | Mitochondrial respiratory chain | [110] | ||||
CRYAB | αB-Crystallin | Chaperone-like activity | [111] | [112] | |||
CSRP3 | Muscle LIM Protein | Scaffolding protein | [113,114,115] | [116] | |||
CTF1 | Cardiotrophin 1 | Cytokine | [117] | ||||
CTNNA3 | αT-Catenin | Cell–cell adhesion | [118] | ||||
DES | Desmin | Intermediate filament protein | [25] | [24,119] | [30] | [26] | [28] |
DLG1 | Discs Large MAGUK Scaffold Protein 1 | Scaffolding protein | [88] | ||||
DMD | Dystrophin | Dystrophin–glycoprotein complex | [120] | ||||
DNAJC19 | DNAJ Heat Shock Protein Family C19 | Co-chaperone | [121] | [121] | |||
DOLK | Dolichol Kinase | Phosphorylation of dolichol | [122] 5 | ||||
DPM3 | Dolichyl-Phosphate Mannosyltransferase Subunit 3 | Mannosyltransferase | [123] | ||||
DSC2 | Desmocollin 2 | Cell–cell adhesion | [35] | [124] | |||
DSG2 | Desmoglein 2 | Cell–cell adhesion | [125] | [126,127] | |||
DSP | Desmoplakin | Cell–cell adhesion | [128] | [129] | [130] | ||
DTNA | α-Dystrobrevin | Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex | [131] | ||||
ELAC2 | ElaC Ribonuclease Z2 | 3′-tRNA endoribonuclease | [132] | ||||
EMD | Emerin | Nuclear lamina associated protein | [133] | ||||
EYA4 | Eyes Absent Homolog 4 | Transcription factor | [51] | ||||
FBN1 | Fibrillin 1 | Extra cellular matrix protein | [134] 6 | [135] 7 | [136] 7 | ||
FBXO32 | F-Box Only Protein 32 | Ubiquitin–protein ligase complex | [137,138] | ||||
FHL1 | Four and a Half LIM Domain Protein 1 | Scaffolding protein | [41] | ||||
FHL2 | Four and a Half LIM Domain Protein 2 | Scaffolding protein | [139] | ||||
FHOD3 | Formin Homology 2 Domain Containing Protein 3 | Organization of actin-polymerization | [140] | [141] | |||
FKRP | Fukutin Related Protein | Posttranslational modification of dystroglycan | [142] 8 | ||||
FKTN | Fukutin | Glycosyltransferase of dystroglycan | [143] | ||||
FLNC | Filamin C | Cell junction organization | [45] | [144,145] | [145] | [72] | |
FOXD4 | Forkhead Box Protein D4 | Transcription factor | [146] | ||||
FXN | Frataxin | Regulation of mitochondrial iron transport | [147] 9 | ||||
GAA | α-Glucosidase | Glycogen metabolism | [148] 9 | ||||
GATA4 | GATA Binding Protein 4 | Transcription factor | [149] | [150] 10 | |||
GATA5 | GATA Binding Protein 5 | Transcription factor | [151] | ||||
GATAD1 | GATA Zink Finger Domain Containing Protein 1 | Gene expression regulation | [152] | ||||
GLA | Galactosidase α | Galactose metabolism | [153] 11 | ||||
GTPBP3 | GTP Binding Protein 3, Mitochondrial | Mitochondrial tRNA modification | [154] 12 | ||||
HAND1 | Heart and Neural Crest Derivatives Expressed 1 | Transcription factor | [155] | ||||
HAND2 | Heart and Neural Crest Derivatives Expressed 2 | Transcription factor | [156] | ||||
HCN4 | Hyperpolarization Activated Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Potassium Channel 4 | Potassium channel | [157] | ||||
HRAS | HRas Proto-Oncogene GTPase | Signaling protein | [158]13 | ||||
ILK | Integrin Linked Kinase | Scaffolding protein | [159,160] | [68] | |||
ISL1 | ISL LIM Homeobox 1 | Transcription factor | [161] | ||||
ITGA7 | Integrin Subunit A7 | Cell–cell and cell–matrix junction protein | [162] 14 | ||||
ITPA | Inosine Triphosphate Pyrophosphatase | Nucleotide metabolism | [163] 15 | ||||
JPH2 | Junctophilin 2 | Junctional complex | [164] | [165] | |||
JUP | Plakoglobin | Cell–cell adhesion | [58] | ||||
KCNQ1 | Potassium Channel Voltage Gated KQT-Like Subfamily Member 1 | Potassium channel | [166] | ||||
KLHL24 | Kelch Like 24 | Ubiquitin ligase substrate receptor | [167] | ||||
LAMA4 | Laminin α4 | Extra cellular matrix protein | [159] | ||||
LAMP2 | Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 2 | Chaperone-mediated autophagy | [168] 16 | ||||
LDB3 | LIM Domain Binding Protein 3 | Z-band protein | [169] | [170,171] | [170,172] | [173] | |
LEMD2 | LEM Domain Containing Protein 2 | Nuclear lamina associated protein | [64,174] 17 | ||||
LMNA | Lamin A/C | Nuclear lamina associated protein | [49] | [175] | [63] | ||
LRRC10 | Leucine Rich Repeat Containing Protein 10 | Actin and α-actinin binding protein | [176] | ||||
MIB1 | Mindbomb Drosophila Homolog 1 | Ubiquitin ligase | [177] | ||||
MIB2 | Mindbomb Drosophila Homolog 2 | Ubiquitin ligase | [178] 18 | ||||
MRPL3 | Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L3 | Mitochondrial ribosomal protein | [179] 19 | ||||
MRPL44 | Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L44 | Mitochondrial ribosomal protein | [180,181] | ||||
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 | Sarcomere protein | [182,183] | [184] | [185] | [186] | |
MYBPHL | Myosin Binding Protein H-Like | Sarcomere protein | [187] | ||||
MYH6 | Myosin Heavy Chain 6 | Sarcomere protein | [188] | [188] | |||
MYH7 | Myosin Heavy Chain 7 | Sarcomere protein | [22] | [48] | [7] | [189] | |
MYH7B | Myosin Heavy Chain 7B | Sarcomere protein | [162] 20 | ||||
MYL2 | Myosin Light Chain 2 | Sarcomere protein | [190] | [191] | |||
MYL3 | Myosin Light Chain 3 | Sarcomere protein | [192] | [192] | |||
MYLK3 | Myosin Light Chain Kinase 3 | Kinase | [193] | ||||
MYOZ1 | Myozenin 1 | Calcineurin interacting protein | [194] | ||||
MYOZ2 | Myozenin 2 | Calcineurin interacting protein | [195] | ||||
MYPN | Myopalladin | Z-band protein | [196] | [94,197] | [196,198] | ||
NCOA6 | Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 6 | Gene expression regulation | [199] | ||||
NDUFAF1 | NADH: Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Complex Assembly Factor 1 | Mitochondrial respiratory chain | [200] | ||||
NDUFV2 | NADH: Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit V2 | Mitochondrial respiratory chain | [201,202] 21 | ||||
NEBL | Nebulette | Z-band protein | [203] | [204] | [203] | ||
NEXN | Nexilin | Sarcomere protein | [205] | [206] | [207] | ||
NKX2.5 | NK2 Homeobox 5 | Transcription factor | [208] | ||||
OBSCN | Obscurin | Scaffolding protein | [209] | ||||
P2RX7 | Purinergic receptor P2X7 | ATP gated ion channel | [210] | ||||
PDLIM3 | PDZ And LIM Domain 3 | Z-band protein | [194] | ||||
PKP2 | Plakophilin 2 | Cell-cell adhesion | [35] | [211] | [212] | ||
PLN | Phospholamban | Regulator of SERCA | [46] | [213,214] | [67] | ||
PPCS | Phosphopantothenoylcystein Synthetase | Co-enzyme A synthesis | [215] | ||||
PRDM16 | PR Domain Containing Protein 16 | Transcription factor | [216] | [217] | |||
PRKAG2 | Protein Kinase AMP Activated Non-catalytic G2 | Energy sensor kinase | [218,219] 22 | ||||
PSEN1 | Presenilin 1 | γ-Secretase | [220,221] | ||||
PSEN2 | Presenilin 2 | γ-Secretase | [220] | ||||
PTEN | Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog | Phosphatase | [150] 23 | ||||
PTPN11 | Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 1 | Phosphatase | [222] 24 | ||||
RAF1 | Raf-1 Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase | Kinase | [223,224] 25 | [225] | |||
RBM20 | RNA Binding Protein 20 | Splicing factor | [52,226] | [227] | [228,229] | ||
RRAGC | Ras Related GTP Binding C | GTR/RAG GTP-binding protein | [230] | ||||
RTKN2 | Rhotekin 2 | Scaffolding protein | [99] | ||||
RYR2 | Ryanodine Receptor 2 | Calcium channel | [66] | ||||
SCN5A | Sodium Channel Voltage Gated Type V Subunit A | Sodium channel | [50,231] | [232] | |||
SCO2 | SCO2 Cytochrome C Oxidase Assembly Protein | Metallo-chaperone | [233] | ||||
SDHA | Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Subunit A | Mitochondrial respiratory chain | [234] | ||||
SGCB | Sarcoglycan β | Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex | [235] | ||||
SGCD | Sarcoglycan δ | Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex | [236] | ||||
SHOC2 | Suppressor Of Clear, C. Elegans, Homolog | Scaffolding protein | [237] | ||||
SYNE1 | Nesprin 1 | Component of the LINC complex | [238] | [239] | |||
TAZ | Tafazzin | Cardiolipin metabolism | [240] 26 | [241,242] | |||
TBX20 | T-Box Factor 20 | Transcription factor | [243,244] | ||||
TCAP | Thelethonin | Titin binding | [245] | [244,245] | |||
TGFB3 | Transforming Growth Factor β3 | Growth factor | [246] | ||||
TJP1 | Zonula Occludens 1 | Tight junction adapter protein | [247] | ||||
TMEM43 | Transmembrane Protein 43 | Nuclear lamina associated protein | [9,10] | ||||
TMEM87B | Transmembrane Protein 87B | Endosome-to-trans-Golgi retrograde transport | [248] | ||||
TNNC1 | Cardiac Troponin C | Sarcomere protein | [39] | [249] | [250] | ||
TNNI3 | Cardiac Troponin I | Sarcomere protein | [40] | [251] | [252] | [71] | |
TNNI3K | TNNI3 Interacting Kinase | Kinase | [253] | ||||
TNNT2 | Cardiac Troponin T | Sarcomere protein | [38] | [254] | [255] | [83] | |
TP63 | Tumor Protein 63 | Transcription factor | [256] | ||||
TPM1 | Tropomyosin 1 | Sarcomere protein | [38,257] | [258] | [259] | [191] | |
TRIM63 | Tripartite Motif Containing Protein 63 | Ubiquitin ligase | [260] | ||||
TRPM4 | Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M | Cation channel | [261] | ||||
TSFM | Mitochondrial Translation Elongation Factor Ts | Translation elongation factor | [262] | ||||
TTN | Titin | Sarcomere protein | [263] | [32,264] | [87,265] | [33] | [34] |
TTR | Transthyretin | Carrier protein | [266,267] 27 | ||||
TXNRD2 | Thioredoxin Reductase 2 | Reduces thioredoxins | [268] | ||||
VCL | Vinculin | Cell–cell and cell–matrix junction protein | [269,270] | [271] | |||
ZBTB17 | Zinc Finger and BTB Domain Containing Protein 17 | Transcription factor | [272,273] |
Gene | Protein | Mutation(s) | Method of Generation | Main Phenotypic Findings | Associated Disease | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACTC1 | Cardiac Actin | p.E99K |
| Arrhythmias | HCM/LVNC | [380] |
ALPK3 | α-Kinase 3 | p.W1264Xhom | Electroporation with episomal plasmids |
| HCM | [381] |
BAG3 | Bcl-2 Associated Athanogene 3 |
|
|
| DCM | [374] |
BRAF | B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase |
|
|
| CFCS/HCM | [382] |
CAV | Caveolin |
| Electroporation with episomal plasmids | NA | MP | [383] |
CRYAB | αB-Crystallin |
| Retroviral transduction and genome editing (zinc finger nucleases) |
| MFM | [384] |
DES | Desmin | p.N116S | Lentiviral transduction | NA | ACM | [385] |
DES | Desmin | c.735+1G > A | Sendai virus transduction | NA | DRC | [386] |
DES | Desmin | p.A285V | Retroviral transduction |
| DCM | [387] |
DMD | Dystrophin |
| Sendai virus transduction |
| DMD | [388] |
DMD | Dystrophin |
| Sendai virus transduction in combination with CRISPR-Cas9 |
| DMD | [379] |
DMD | Dystrophin |
| Lentiviral transduction CRISPR-Cas9 |
| DMD | [389,390] |
DSG2 | Desmoglein-2 | p.G638R | Sendai virus transduction |
| ACM | [391] |
DSP | Desmoplakin | p.R451G | Sendai virus transduction & genome editing for correction (CRISPR-Cas9) | Reduced desmoplakin expression | ACM | [392] |
FBN1 | Fibrillin 1 | c.4028G > A | Sendai virus transduction | NA | Marfan Syndrome (HCM) | [393] |
FKRP | Fukutin Related Protein | c.826C > Ahom | Lentiviral transduction |
| Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (DCM) | [394] |
FXN | Frataxin | Expanded GAA repeats | Retroviral transduction |
| Friedreich Ataxia (HCM) | [395] |
FXN | Frataxin | Expanded GAA repeats
| Lentiviral transduction |
| Friedreich Ataxia (HCM) | [396] |
GLA | Galactosidase α | IVS4+919G > A | Retroviral transduction |
| Fabry Disease (HCM) | [397,398] |
LAMP2 | Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 2 | IVS6+1_4delGTGA | Sendai virus transduction | Autophagy dysfunction | Danon Disease (CM) | [399] |
LAMP2 | Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 2 |
| Unknown |
| Danon Disease (CM) | [400] |
LAMP2 | Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 2 |
|
|
| Danon Disease (CM) | [401] |
LMNA | Lamin A/C | p.S143P | Sendai virus transduction |
| DCM | [402] |
LMNA | Lamin A/C | p.S18fsX | Combined lentiviral and retroviral transduction | Normal nuclear membrane morphology | DCM | [403] |
LMNA | Lamin A/C | p.R225X | Lentiviral transduction |
| DCM | [404] |
LMNA | Lamin A/C |
| Lentiviral transduction |
| DCM & conduction disorders | [405] |
LMNA | Lamin A/C | p.K219T | Lentiviral transduction |
| DCM & conduction disorders | [406] |
MT-RNR2 | Mitochondrially Encoded 16S rRNA | m.2336T > C | Retroviral transduction |
| HCM | [407] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 |
| Sendai virus transduction | Abnormal Ca2+ handling | HCM | [408] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 | p.R326Q | Electroporation with episomal plasmids | Ca2+ handling deficits | HCM | [409] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 | c.2373 | Lentiviral transduction |
| HCM | [410,411] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 | p.R502W | Electroporation with episomal plasmids | NA | HCM | [412] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 |
| CRISPR-Cas9 |
| HCM | [413] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 |
| Sendai virus transduction & genome editing for correction (CRISPR-Cas9) |
| HCM | [414,415] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 | p.G999-Q1004del | Sendai virus transduction |
| HCM | [416] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 | p.Q1061X |
| Arrhythmias | HCM | [417,418] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 | p.V454CfsX21 | Retroviral transduction |
| HCM | [419] |
MYBPC3 | Myosin Binding Protein C3 | ∆25 bp in intron 32 including the splicing branch point & p.D389V (same allele) | Sendai virus transduction |
| HCM | [420] |
MYBPHL | Myosin Binding Protein H-Like | p.R255X | Electroporation with episomal plasmids | Haploinsufficiency by nonsense mediated mRNA decay | DCM & conduction disorders | [187] |
MYH7 | Myosin Heavy Chain 7 | p.R663H | Sendai virus transduction | Abnormal Ca2+ handling | HCM | [408] |
MYH7 | Myosin Heavy Chain 7 |
| CRISPR-Cas9 |
| HCM | [421] |
MYH7 | Myosin Heavy Chain 7 |
| CRISPR-Cas9 |
| HCM | [413] |
MYH7 | Myosin Heavy Chain 7 | p.V698A | Electroporation with episomal plasmids | NA | HCM | [422] |
MYH7 | Myosin Heavy Chain 7 | p.E848G | Electroporation with episomal plasmids | Reduced contractile function | HCM | [423,424] |
MYH7 | Myosin Heavy Chain 7 | p.R403Q | Electroporation with episomal plasmids | NA | HCM | [425] |
MYH7 | Myosin Heavy Chain 7 | p.R633H | Lentiviral transduction |
| HCM | [414,426] |
MYH7 | Myosin Heavy Chain 7 | p.R442G | Retroviral transduction |
| HCM | [427] |
MYL2 | Myosin Light Chain 2 | p.R58Q | Non-integrating mRNA/miRNA technology |
| HCM | [428] |
MYL3 | Myosin Light Chain 3 |
| CRISPR-Cas9 |
| HCM | [375] |
PKP2 | Plakophilin-2 | p.L614P | Retroviral transduction |
| ACM | [429] |
PKP2 | Plakophilin-2 |
| Retroviral transduction |
| ACM | [430,431,432] |
PKP2 | Plakophilin-2 | c.972insT | Retroviral transduction |
| ACM | [433] |
PKP2 | Plakophilin-2 |
| Sendai virus transduction | NA | ACM | [434] |
PKP2 | Plakophilin-2 | c.2569_3018del50 | Electroporation with episomal plasmids | NA | ACM | [435] |
PLN | Phospholamban | p.R9C | CRISPR-Cas9 |
| DCM | [414,436] |
PLN | Phospholamban | p.R14del | Transfection with mRNAs& genome editing (TALENs) for mutation correction |
| DCM | [437,438] |
PRGAG2 | Protein Kinase AMP-Activated Non-Catalytic Subunit Gamma 2 | p.R302Q | Sendai virus transduction & genome editing for correction (CRISPR-Cas9) |
| Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome (HCM) | [439] |
PRKAG2 | Protein Kinase AMP-Activated Non-Catalytic Subunit Gamma 2 | p.N488I | Lentiviral transduction & genome editing for correction (TALEN) |
| HCM | [440] |
PTPN11 | Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 11 | p.T468M | Retroviral transduction |
| LEOPARD Syndrome (HCM) | [360] |
PTPN11 | Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 11 | p.Q510P | Sendai virus transduction | NA | LEOPARD Syndrome (HCM) | [441] |
RAF1 | Raf-1 Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase | p.S257L | Electroporation of episomal plasmids & genome editing for correction (CRISPR-Cas9) |
| Noonan Syndrome (HCM) | [442] |
RBM20 | RNA Binding Motif Protein 20 | p.S635A | Lentiviral transduction |
| DCM | [443] |
RBM20 | RNA Binding Motif Protein 20 | p.R636S | Sendai virus transduction |
| DCM | [444,445] |
RYR2 | Ryanodine Receptor 2 | p.F2483I | Retroviral transduction |
| CPVT | [350] |
RYR2 | Ryanodine Receptor 2 |
| Sendai virus transduction |
| CPVT | [376] |
SCN5A | Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 5 |
| Sendai virus transduction & CRISPR-Cas9 for correction |
| ACM | [446] |
SCN5A | Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 5 | p.R219H | Sendai virus transduction |
| ACM/DCM | [447] |
SCO2 | SCO2 Cytochrome C Oxidase Assembly Protein |
| Sendai virus transduction |
| HCM | [448] |
TAZ | Tafazzin |
| Transfection with synthetic mRNAs & CRISPR-Cas9 for correction |
| Barth Syndrome | [449] |
TBX20 | T-Box Factor 20 |
| Sendai virus transduction |
| LVNC | [450] |
TNNT2 | Cardiac Troponin T | p.R92W | Sendai virus transduction & CRISPR-Cas9 for correction | Abnormal Ca2+ handling | HCM | [408] |
TNNT2 | Cardiac Troponin T | p.R173W | Lentiviral transduction |
| DCM | [414,451,452,453,454] |
TNNT2 | Cardiac Troponin T |
| TALEN |
| DCM/HCM | [453] |
TNNT2 | Cardiac Troponin T | p.I79N | CRISPR-Cas9 |
| HCM | [455,456] |
TPM1 | Tropomyosin-1 | p.D175N |
| Arrhythmias | HCM | [417,418] |
TTN | Titin |
|
|
| DCM | [457] |
TTN | Titin | p.S14450fsX4 | Sendai virus transduction | Antisense-mediated exon skipping restores titin expression | DCM | [377] |
TTN | Titin |
| Lentiviral transduction |
| DCM | [458] |
TTR | Transthyretin | p.L55P | Lentiviral transduction | Increased oxidative stress | Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis | [459] |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Brodehl, A.; Ebbinghaus, H.; Deutsch, M.-A.; Gummert, J.; Gärtner, A.; Ratnavadivel, S.; Milting, H. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as Models for Genetic Cardiomyopathies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184381
Brodehl A, Ebbinghaus H, Deutsch M-A, Gummert J, Gärtner A, Ratnavadivel S, Milting H. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as Models for Genetic Cardiomyopathies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(18):4381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184381
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrodehl, Andreas, Hans Ebbinghaus, Marcus-André Deutsch, Jan Gummert, Anna Gärtner, Sandra Ratnavadivel, and Hendrik Milting. 2019. "Human Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as Models for Genetic Cardiomyopathies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18: 4381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184381