New Aspects Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Allicin Immunostimulatory Mechanism via Colec12, MARCO, and SCARB1 Receptors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Blood Oxidative Stress Is Related to Immunoglobulin Secretion in a Dose-Dependent Manner after Allicin Treatment
2.2. Serum GSH Concentration Was Decreased after Allicin Administration by Forming S-Allylmercaptoglutathione (GSSA)
2.3. CD19+ Lymphocytes Were Stimulated by GSSA (GSH–Allicin) Exposure
2.4. Molecular Docking Suggested the Most Specificity of S-Allylmercaptoglutathione (GSSA) Binding on Colec12, MARCO, and SCARB1 Scavenger Receptors
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. In Vivo Studies
4.2. Animals
4.3. Ethics Statement
4.4. Hematology
4.5. Immunoglobulins
4.6. Oxidative Stress, Total Proteins, and Albumin Assay
4.7. In Vitro Testing on CD19+ B Cells
4.8. Molecular Docking
4.9. Allicin and Other Chemicals
4.10. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AKT | protein kinase B |
ALB | albumin |
AP1 | activator protein 1 |
APP/PS1 | amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 |
BCAP | phosphoinositide 3-kinase adapter protein 1 |
BCR | B cell receptor |
BLNK | adaptor protein B cell linker |
CAT | catalase |
Colec12 | scavenger receptor with C-type lectin |
ERK | extracellular-signal-regulated kinase |
GRA/GRA% | the number and percentage of granulocytes |
GPX | glutathione peroxidase |
GSH | reduced glutathione |
IgA/IgM/IgG | immunoglobulins |
IkB | NFKB inhibitor alpha |
IL | interleukin |
JNK | Janus kinase |
LPZ | lipopolysaccharides |
LYM | lymphocytes |
LYN | tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn |
MARCO | macrophage receptor with collagenous structure |
MEK1/2 | mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 and 2 |
MID | middle cells |
Msr1 | macrophage scavenger receptor 1 |
NFkB | nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 |
NF-Kb | nuclear factor kB |
NK | natural killer cells |
PI3K | phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase |
GSSA | S-allylmercaptoglutathione |
SCARA | scavenger receptor class A |
SCARB | scavenger receptor class B |
SD | standard deviation |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
SOS | son of sevenless/Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 |
SR | scavenger receptor |
SYK | spleen tyrosine kinase |
TNFα | tumor necrosis factor α |
TP | total proteins |
WBC | white blood cell count |
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Parameters | C | A1 Allicin 1.25 mg/kg | A2 Allicin 2.5 mg/kg | A3 Allicin 5 mg/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|
WBC (109/L) | 14.5 ± 1.63 | 13.1 ± 1.23 | 13.4 ± 1.02 | 14.2 ± 2.14 |
LYM (109/L) | 10.1 ± 1.49 | 9.7 ± 1.24 | 10.5 ± 1.02 | 11.0 ± 1.76 |
MON (109/L) | 0.3 ± 0.10 | 0.2 ± 0.08 | 0.3 ± 0.31 | 0.2 ± 0.09 |
NEU (109/L) | 2.8 ± 0.13 | 3.2 ± 0.12 | 2.7 ± 0.20 | 2.9 ± 0.45 |
LYM% | 76.4 ± 1.93 | 73.5 ± 2.80 | 75.1 ± 2.78 | 77.8 ± 2.20 |
MON% | 2.08 ± 0.85 | 1.57 ± 0.97 | 2.2 ± 2.04 | 1.30 ± 0.47 |
NEU% | 20.8 ±1.26 | 25.1 ± 1.73 | 21.7 ± 3.35 | 20.9 ± 2.06 |
Ligand | Type | Binding Energy (kcal/mol) | Geometric Specificity |
---|---|---|---|
Colec12 | SCAR A | −6.7 | Very high |
MARCO | SCAR A | −5.7 | Very high |
Msr1 | SCAR A | −4.7 | Low |
SCARA3 | SCAR A | −4.8 | Low |
SCARA5 | SCAR A | −5.0 | Very low |
SCARB1 | SCAR B | −5.7 | Very high |
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Toma, V.A.; Tigu, A.B.; Farcaș, A.D.; Sevastre, B.; Taulescu, M.; Gherman, A.M.R.; Roman, I.; Fischer-Fodor, E.; Pârvu, M. New Aspects Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Allicin Immunostimulatory Mechanism via Colec12, MARCO, and SCARB1 Receptors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 3627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153627
Toma VA, Tigu AB, Farcaș AD, Sevastre B, Taulescu M, Gherman AMR, Roman I, Fischer-Fodor E, Pârvu M. New Aspects Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Allicin Immunostimulatory Mechanism via Colec12, MARCO, and SCARB1 Receptors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(15):3627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153627
Chicago/Turabian StyleToma, Vlad Al., Adrian Bogdan Tigu, Anca D. Farcaș, Bogdan Sevastre, Marian Taulescu, Ana Maria Raluca Gherman, Ioana Roman, Eva Fischer-Fodor, and Marcel Pârvu. 2019. "New Aspects Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Allicin Immunostimulatory Mechanism via Colec12, MARCO, and SCARB1 Receptors" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15: 3627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153627