d-Amino Acids Are Exuded by Arabidopsis thaliana Roots to the Rhizosphere
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. d-Ala and d-Glu Are Degraded Rapidly in Seedlings
2.2. d-AAs Are Exuded by Roots into the Medium
2.3. The Energetization of d-Ala Exudation
2.4. Root Exudation of Other d-AAs
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
4.3. Extraction of Amino Acids from Seedlings and Media and Their Derivatization
4.4. LC/MS Determination of d- and l-AAs
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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d-AA Treated Plants | Control Plants | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d | l | d | l | ||||||
mean | (±SD) | mean | (±SD) | mean | (±SD) | mean | (±SD) | ||
12 h | Aspartate | 1.38 | (±0.30) | 2.15 | (±0.35) | 0.01 | (±0.01) | 1.85 | (±0.39) |
Leucine | 0.32 | (±0.03) | 0.28 | (±0.21) | 0.01 | (±0.01) | 0.14 | (±0.13) | |
Lysine | 1.46 | (±1.03) | 0.03 | (±0.02) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | |
Phenylalanine | 0.46 | (±0.10) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | |
Proline | 2.44 | (±0.62) | 0.18 | (±0.02) | 0.76 | (±0.16) | 0.29 | (±0.06) | |
72 h | Aspartate | 0.77 | (±0.08) | 5.54 | (±1.51) | 0.03 | (±0.01) | 5.90 | (±0.53) |
Leucine | 0.12 | (±0.09) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | |
Lysine | 0.20 | (±0.16) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | |
Phenylalanine | 0.06 | (±0.06) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | 0.00 | (±0.00) | |
Proline | 2.48 | (±0.27) | 0.01 | (±0.01) | 1.27 | (±0.09) | 0.09 | (±0.06) |
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Hener, C.; Hummel, S.; Suarez, J.; Stahl, M.; Kolukisaoglu, Ü. d-Amino Acids Are Exuded by Arabidopsis thaliana Roots to the Rhizosphere. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041109
Hener C, Hummel S, Suarez J, Stahl M, Kolukisaoglu Ü. d-Amino Acids Are Exuded by Arabidopsis thaliana Roots to the Rhizosphere. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(4):1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041109
Chicago/Turabian StyleHener, Claudia, Sabine Hummel, Juan Suarez, Mark Stahl, and Üner Kolukisaoglu. 2018. "d-Amino Acids Are Exuded by Arabidopsis thaliana Roots to the Rhizosphere" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 4: 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041109