Profiling Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Resistance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Standards of Care for Diagnosis and Treatment
2.1. Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
2.2. Treatment Strategies of Metastatic Prostate Cancer
3. Contributors to Therapeutic Resistance in Advanced Prostate Cancer
3.1. The Androgen Receptor (AR)
3.2. Tumor Suppressor Action
3.3. Growth Factor Signaling
3.4. Metabolomic Changes
4. The Impact of Microenvironment on Prostate Tumor Progression
4.1. The Prostate Defines Its Niche in the Microenvironment
4.2. EMT Landscaping CRPC
4.3. TGF-β: Master Navigator of EMT
5. Targeted Therapies to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AR | androgen receptor |
CRPC | castration-resistant prostate cancer |
PSA | prostate specific antigen |
EMT | epithelial-mesenchymal-transition |
MET | mesenchymal epithelial-transition |
TGF-β | transforming growth factor-β |
DHT | dihydrotestosterone |
ADT | androgen deprivation therapy |
CDK | cyclin dependent kinases |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
MDSCs | Myeloid-derived suppressor cells |
CAFs | Cancer-associated fibroblasts |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
IGF | insulin growth factor |
IGFBP3 | Insulin growth factor binding protein-3 |
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Wade, C.A.; Kyprianou, N. Profiling Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030904
Wade CA, Kyprianou N. Profiling Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Resistance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(3):904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030904
Chicago/Turabian StyleWade, Cameron A., and Natasha Kyprianou. 2018. "Profiling Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Resistance" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 3: 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030904