Cytotoxicity, Bactericidal, and Antioxidant Activity of Sodium Alginate Hydrosols Treated with Direct Electric Current
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physiochemical Properties of Hydrosols
2.2. Antibacterial Properties of Hydrosols
2.3. Effect of Sodium Alginate Hydrosols on Cell Morphology and Intracellular Organization
2.4. In Vitro Assessment of Hydrosols Treated with DC on Cytotoxicity to Mouse RAW 264.7 Macrophages and L929 Fibroblastic Cell Lines
2.5. Antioxidant Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Apparatus
3.2. Material
3.3. Preparation of the Experimental Material
3.4. Hydrosols Characterization
3.4.1. Physiochemical Properties of Hydrosols
3.4.2. Antibacterial Properties
3.4.3. The Effect of Sodium Alginate Hydrosols on Cell Morphology and Intracellular Organization
3.4.4. In Vitro Assessment of the Tested Hydrosols on Cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Mouse L929 Fibroblastic Cell Lines
Cell Culture
Cell Proliferation Assay
Cell Viability
3.5. Statistical Analysis
3.5.1. Antioxidant Activity
Free Radical Scavenging Activity (DPPH)
Ferric Reducing Ion Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variants | S. aureus | L. monocytogenes | B. cereus | M. luteus | E. coli | S. enteritidis | Y. enterocolitica | P. fluorescens |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 7.82 ± 0.08 a | 7.49 ± 0.05 a | 7.21 ± 0.03 d | 7.69 ± 0.01 a | 7.24 ± 0.04 a | 7.79 ± 0.03 a,b | 7.46 ± 0.01 a | 7.77 ± 0.06 a |
SA Control | 7.06 ± 0.04 b | 7.57 ± 0.03 a | 7.51 ± 0.01 a | 7.67 ± 0.01 a | 6.95 ± 0.00 b | 7.75 ± 0.01 a,b | 7.44 ± 0.01 a | 6.92 ± 0.01 c,d |
C0N0 | 6.78 ± 0.00 d | 7.50 ± 0.02 a | 7.23 ± 0.04 d | 7.62 ± 0.02 a | 6.06 ± 0.04 c | 7.84 ± 0.03 a | 7.41 ± 0.01 a | 6.86 ± 0.03 d |
C0N0.1 | 6.79 ± 0.01 d | 7.58 ± 0.07 a | 7.29 ±0.02 c | 7.65 ± 0.02 a | 5.95 ± 0.10 c | 7.69 ± 0.01 b | 7.41 ± 0.02 a | 6.96 ± 0.05 c |
C0N0.2 | 6.90 ± 0.08 c | 7.52 ± 0.04 a | 7.41 ± 0.01 b | 7.59 ± 0.03 a | 6.01 ± 0.09 c | 7.69 ± 0.11 b | 7.44 ± 0.01 a | 7.03 ± 0.05 b |
C200N0 | 6.63 ± 0.06 f | 6.75 ± 0.05 b | 6.21 ± 0.06 e | 6.72 ± 0.02 b | 5.37 ± 0.02 e | 6.63 ± 0.00 d | 7.33 ± 0.01 b | 6.95 ± 0.03 c |
C200N0.1 | 4.59 ± 0.00 g | 1.80 ± 0.28 c | 4.21 ± 0.01 g | 2.33 ± 0.17 d | 5.35 ± 0.10 e | 4.59 ± 0.09 e | 1.65 ± 0.02 d | ND f |
C200N0.2 | ND h | ND d | ND h | ND e | 3.38 ± 0.01 f | 3.49 ± 0.01 g | 1.01 ± 0.05 e | ND f |
C400N0 | 6.68 ± 0.05 e | 6.59 ± 0.21 b | 5.26 ± 0.02 f | 5.70 ± 0.12 c | 5.74 ± 0.03 d | 6.54 ± 0.06 c | 7.22 ± 0.05 c | 6.63 ± 0.01 e |
C400N0.1 | ND h | ND d | ND h | ND e | 3.35 ± 0.17 f | 3.88 ± 0.03 f | ND f | ND f |
C400N0.2 | ND h | ND d | ND h | ND e | ND g | ND h | ND f | ND f |
Variants | DPPH (μM Trolox/mL) | FRAP (μM Fe(II)/mL) |
---|---|---|
C0N0 | 124.17 ± 3.04 e | 1.00 ± 0.03 a |
C0N0.1 | 75.67 ± 6.81 c | 0.99 ± 0.04 a |
C0N0.2 | 74.00 ± 5.35 b,c | 1.01 ± 0.04 a |
C200N0 | 97.08 ± 15.36 d | 0.98 ± 0.01 a |
C200N0.1 | 62.25 ± 8.82 b | 0.97 ± 0.03 a |
C200N0.2 | 43.33 ± 3.19 a | 1.00 ± 0.03 a |
C400N0 | 75.42 ± 11.66 c | 0.99 ± 0.02 a |
C400N0.1 | 36.67 ± 6.16 a | 1.00 ± 0.01 a |
C400N0.2 | 33.33 ± 2.89 a | 1.00 ± 0.01 a |
Run Code Letters | Current (C) (mA) | NaCl (N) (%) |
---|---|---|
C0N0 | 0 | 0.0 |
C0N0.1 | 0.1 | |
C0N0.2 | 0.2 | |
C200N0 | 200 | 0.0 |
C200N0.1 | 0.1 | |
C200N0.2 | 0.2 | |
C400N0 | 400 | 0.0 |
C400N0.1 | 0.1 | |
C400N0.2 | 0.2 |
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Król, Ż.; Marycz, K.; Kulig, D.; Marędziak, M.; Jarmoluk, A. Cytotoxicity, Bactericidal, and Antioxidant Activity of Sodium Alginate Hydrosols Treated with Direct Electric Current. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030678
Król Ż, Marycz K, Kulig D, Marędziak M, Jarmoluk A. Cytotoxicity, Bactericidal, and Antioxidant Activity of Sodium Alginate Hydrosols Treated with Direct Electric Current. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(3):678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030678
Chicago/Turabian StyleKról, Żaneta, Krzysztof Marycz, Dominika Kulig, Monika Marędziak, and Andrzej Jarmoluk. 2017. "Cytotoxicity, Bactericidal, and Antioxidant Activity of Sodium Alginate Hydrosols Treated with Direct Electric Current" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 3: 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030678