Physical Characteristics of the Leaves and Latex of Papaya Plants Infected with the Papaya meleira Virus

Magaña-Álvarez, Anuar; Vencioneck Dutra, Jean Carlos; Carneiro, Tarcio; Pérez-Brito, Daisy; Tapia-Tussell, Raúl; Ventura, Jose Aires; Higuera-Ciapara, Inocencio; Fernandes, Patricia Machado Bueno; Fernandes, Antonio Alberto Ribeiro

doi:10.3390/ijms17040574

Open AccessArticle

Physical Characteristics of the Leaves and Latex of Papaya Plants Infected with the Papaya meleira Virus

by

Anuar Magaña-Álvarez

^1,2,

Jean Carlos Vencioneck Dutra

¹,

Tarcio Carneiro

¹,

Daisy Pérez-Brito

^2,*,

Raúl Tapia-Tussell

²,

Jose Aires Ventura

^1,3,

Inocencio Higuera-Ciapara

⁴,

Patricia Machado Bueno Fernandes

¹ and

Antonio Alberto Ribeiro Fernandes

¹

Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, Vitória, Espírito Santo 29040-090, Brazil

²

Laboratorio GeMBio, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 # 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97200, Mexico

³

Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, R. Afonso Sarlo 160, Vitória, Espírito Santo 29052-010, Brazil

⁴

Unidad de Tecnología de Alimentos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Tecnológica y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Ave. Normalistas # 800, Col. Colinas de la Norma, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, Mexico

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(4), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040574

Submission received: 15 January 2016 / Revised: 24 February 2016 / Accepted: 23 March 2016 / Published: 15 April 2016

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Molecular Biology)

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Abstract

Sticky disease, which is caused by Papaya meleira virus (PMeV), is a significant papaya disease in Brazil and Mexico, where it has caused severe economic losses, and it seems to have spread to Central and South America. Studies assessing the pathogen-host interaction at the nano-histological level are needed to better understand the mechanisms that underlie natural resistance. In this study, the topography and mechanical properties of the leaf midribs and latex of healthy and PMeV-infected papaya plants were observed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Healthy plants displayed a smooth surface with practically no roughness of the leaf midribs and the latex and a higher adhesion force than infected plants. PMeV promotes changes in the leaf midribs and latex, making them more fragile and susceptible to breakage. These changes, which are associated with increased water uptake and internal pressure in laticifers, causes cell disruption that leads to spontaneous exudation of the latex and facilitates the spread of PMeV to other laticifers. These results provide new insights into the papaya-PMeV interaction that could be helpful for controlling papaya sticky disease.

Keywords: papaya sticky disease; Papaya meleira virus; leaf midribs; laticifer; latex; pathogen-host interaction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Magaña-Álvarez, A.; Vencioneck Dutra, J.C.; Carneiro, T.; Pérez-Brito, D.; Tapia-Tussell, R.; Ventura, J.A.; Higuera-Ciapara, I.; Fernandes, P.M.B.; Fernandes, A.A.R. Physical Characteristics of the Leaves and Latex of Papaya Plants Infected with the Papaya meleira Virus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040574

AMA Style

Magaña-Álvarez A, Vencioneck Dutra JC, Carneiro T, Pérez-Brito D, Tapia-Tussell R, Ventura JA, Higuera-Ciapara I, Fernandes PMB, Fernandes AAR. Physical Characteristics of the Leaves and Latex of Papaya Plants Infected with the Papaya meleira Virus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(4):574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040574

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magaña-Álvarez, Anuar, Jean Carlos Vencioneck Dutra, Tarcio Carneiro, Daisy Pérez-Brito, Raúl Tapia-Tussell, Jose Aires Ventura, Inocencio Higuera-Ciapara, Patricia Machado Bueno Fernandes, and Antonio Alberto Ribeiro Fernandes. 2016. "Physical Characteristics of the Leaves and Latex of Papaya Plants Infected with the Papaya meleira Virus" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 4: 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040574

APA Style

Magaña-Álvarez, A., Vencioneck Dutra, J. C., Carneiro, T., Pérez-Brito, D., Tapia-Tussell, R., Ventura, J. A., Higuera-Ciapara, I., Fernandes, P. M. B., & Fernandes, A. A. R. (2016). Physical Characteristics of the Leaves and Latex of Papaya Plants Infected with the Papaya meleira Virus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(4), 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040574

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Physical Characteristics of the Leaves and Latex of Papaya Plants Infected with the Papaya meleira Virus

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