The Historical Development of Immunoendocrine Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders and Their Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Development of Endocrine Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders
2.1. Historical Preliminary Remarks
2.2. The Use of Castration to Modify Behavior in Animals and Human Being
2.3. Humorism and Mental Illness
2.4. Psychopathological Symptoms in Circumscribed Endocrine Disorders
2.5. The Discovery of the Hormones
2.6. The Emergence and Systematic Development of Endocrine Concepts of Illness in Psychiatry
2.7. Therapeutic Use of Various Hormones in Psychiatry
2.8. Technical Developments for Establishing Hormone Concentration in the Blood
3. The Development of Immunological Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders
3.1. Observations and Hypotheses in the Ancient World
3.2. Measuring Body Temperature and Blood Analysis
3.3. The Emergence of Immunology
3.4. Technical Developments in Measurement of Cytokines and Immunologically Relevant Cells
4. Current Immunoendocrine Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders and Their Therapy
4.1. Current Hormone-Based Concepts of Depression
4.2. Current Hormone-Based Concepts of Other Psychiatric Disorders
4.3. Current Immunological Concepts of Schizophrenia
4.4. Current Immunological Concepts of Deprezssion
5. Perspectives of Immunoendocrine Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders and Their Therapy
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Steinberg, H.; Kirkby, K.C.; Himmerich, H. The Historical Development of Immunoendocrine Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders and Their Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 28841-28869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226136
Steinberg H, Kirkby KC, Himmerich H. The Historical Development of Immunoendocrine Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders and Their Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(12):28841-28869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226136
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteinberg, Holger, Kenneth C. Kirkby, and Hubertus Himmerich. 2015. "The Historical Development of Immunoendocrine Concepts of Psychiatric Disorders and Their Therapy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 12: 28841-28869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226136