Differential Signaling by Protease-Activated Receptors: Implications for Therapeutic Targeting
Australian Centre for Blood Diseases & Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(4), 6169-6183; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046169
Received: 20 December 2013
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Revised: 14 March 2014
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Accepted: 3 April 2014
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Published: 11 April 2014
(This article belongs to the Collection G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling and Regulation)
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of four G protein-coupled receptors that exhibit increasingly appreciated differences in signaling and regulation both within and between the receptor class. By nature of their proteolytic self-activation mechanism, PARs have unique processes of receptor activation, “ligand” binding, and desensitization/resensitization. These distinctive aspects have presented both challenges and opportunities in the targeting of PARs for therapeutic benefit—the most notable example of which is inhibition of PAR1 on platelets for the prevention of arterial thrombosis. However, more recent studies have uncovered further distinguishing features of PAR-mediated signaling, revealing mechanisms by which identical proteases elicit distinct effects in the same cell, as well as how distinct proteases produce different cellular consequences via the same receptor. Here we review this differential signaling by PARs, highlight how important distinctions between PAR1 and PAR4 are impacting on the progress of a new class of anti-thrombotic drugs, and discuss how these more recent insights into PAR signaling may present further opportunities for manipulating PAR activation and signaling in the development of novel therapies.
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Keywords:
protease-activated receptors; G protein-coupled receptors; cell signaling; platelets; thrombosis
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MDPI and ACS Style
Sidhu, T.S.; French, S.L.; Hamilton, J.R. Differential Signaling by Protease-Activated Receptors: Implications for Therapeutic Targeting. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 6169-6183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046169
AMA Style
Sidhu TS, French SL, Hamilton JR. Differential Signaling by Protease-Activated Receptors: Implications for Therapeutic Targeting. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15(4):6169-6183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046169
Chicago/Turabian StyleSidhu, Tejminder S., Shauna L. French, and Justin R. Hamilton. 2014. "Differential Signaling by Protease-Activated Receptors: Implications for Therapeutic Targeting" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 4: 6169-6183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15046169
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