MicroRNA Signatures as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Target for CNS Embryonal Tumors: The Pros and the Cons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. miRNAs
2.1. miRNA Detection Methods: Advantages and Concerns
2.1.1. miRNAs Detection by Microarray Approach
2.1.2. Real-Time-PCR-Based Detection of miRNAs
2.1.3. Northern Blot Analysis for miRNAs Detection
2.1.4. In Situ Hybridization (ISH) for miRNA Detection
2.1.5. miRNA Detection by High-Throughput Next-Generation Sequencing Platforms
2.2. miRNA Target Determination
3. miRNA Implications in CNS Embryonal Tumors
3.1. miRNAs Associated with Neuronal Development and Disorders
3.2. Biological Relevance of miRNAs in MBs
3.2.1. miRNAs Function as Oncogenes or Tumor Suppressors in MB
miRNAs (miRs) | Targets | References |
---|---|---|
Oncomirs | ||
miR-21 | PDCD4 | [78] |
miR-517c, miR-520g | miR-517c WNT/JNK signaling, miR-520g ABCG2 | [79,80] |
miR-221, miR-222 | p27Kip1 | [6] |
miR-183-96–182 cluster | Undefined, however knockdown of the full miR-183-96–182 cluster results in enrichment of genes associated with apoptosis and dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis | [68] |
miR-17/92 | TSP-1, Bmi-1, PTEN, PP2A | [63,81,82] |
miR-214 | Gli1 | [4] |
miR-30b, miR-30d | Undefined, Both miRNAs are part of an amplicon containing the KHDRBS3 gene on 8q24.22 in MB cell lines | [83] |
miR-106b | p21 | [69,84] |
Tumor Suppressors miRNAs | ||
miR-125a | t-TrkC | [69] |
miR-9 | REST/NRSF, Hes1 | [39,69] |
miR-125b, miR-324-5p, miR-326 | PKM2, SMO, Notch | [4,85] |
let-7 | RAS, STAT3 | [69,86] |
miR-199b-5p | HES1, Notch pathway, ErbB2 | [87] |
miR-124a | CDK6, SLC16A1, REST, BAF34a, RB1,t-TrkC | [35,58,60,88,89] |
miR-218 | EGFR, Bcl-2, B-catenin and MAPK9 | [84,90] |
miR-31, miR-153 | miR-153 is found in high ErbB2 expressing MB | [69,90] |
miR-128a, miR-128b, miR-181b | Bmi-1 | [64,91] |
let-7 miRNA family | HMGA2 | [7] |
3.2.2. miRNAs Associated with MB Metastasis
3.3. Clinical Relevance of miRNAs in MBs
3.4. Biological Relevance of miRNAs in CNS Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors
miRNAs (miRs) | Targets | References |
---|---|---|
Oncomirs | ||
miR-517c, miR-520g | miR-517c WNT/JNK signaling, miR-520g ABCG2 | [79,80] |
miR-221, miR-222 | p27Kip1 | [6] |
miR-520b, miR-629, miR-498, miR-373 | Undefined | [67] |
Tumor Suppressors miRNAs | ||
miR-140, let-7b, miR-139, miR-153, miR-376b | Undefined | [67] |
let-7 miRNA family | HMGA2 | [7] |
miR-9 | Undefined | [40,69] |
4. miRNAs as Reliable Clinical Markers: Advantages and Challenges
4.1. Process of Biomarker Development
4.2. miRNAs as Reliable Markers
4.3. Challenges
4.3.1. Lack of Collaborative Research Efforts
4.3.2. Availability of Tumor Tissue Samples
4.3.3. Reliability and Reproducibility of Results
4.3.4. Variability of Biomarker Assessment Methods
4.3.5. Expenses Involved with Assessing the Marker Status
4.3.6. The Need for Developing New miRNA Assessment Technologies
4.3.7. Lack of Cellular and Clinical Database Resources
5. Therapeutic Potential of miRNAs
5.1. miRNAs as Druggable Targets
5.2. miRNAs as Predictors and Modifiers of Chemo- and Radio-Therapy
5.3. Challenges of miRNA-Based Therapies
6. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shalaby, T.; Fiaschetti, G.; Baumgartner, M.; Grotzer, M.A. MicroRNA Signatures as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Target for CNS Embryonal Tumors: The Pros and the Cons. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 21554-21586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151121554
Shalaby T, Fiaschetti G, Baumgartner M, Grotzer MA. MicroRNA Signatures as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Target for CNS Embryonal Tumors: The Pros and the Cons. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2014; 15(11):21554-21586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151121554
Chicago/Turabian StyleShalaby, Tarek, Giulio Fiaschetti, Martin Baumgartner, and Michael A. Grotzer. 2014. "MicroRNA Signatures as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Target for CNS Embryonal Tumors: The Pros and the Cons" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 11: 21554-21586. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151121554