Regulation of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 Isomerase: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase
3. Subcellular Localization
4. Transcriptional Regulation of 3β-HSD
- Another nuclear receptor known to influence 3β-HSD expression is fetoprotein transcription factor, also known as liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) [38], which is found in the ovaries, testes and adipose tissue. Using a gene-reporter assay, a study demonstrated that co-transfection of LRH-1 with a reporter containing the promoter region of the 3β-HSD gene resulted in greater reporter activity [39].
- In Leydig cells, 3β-HSD transcription has been demonstrated to be regulated via the LH/hCG-receptor and the promoter androgen response element [42] and regulated in the liver via the receptors estrogen receptor α (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), and cyclin D1 expression [43]. Steroids have been demonstrated to be correlated with the expression of 3β-HSD in pig follicles [44], and in rainbow trout ovaries, 3β-HSD I is down-regulated by estradiol-17β in vivo [45]. 3β-HSD expression has also been demonstrated to be induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activation in human liver cell lines [46].
- It has been demonstrated using knockout mice that the liver X receptor (LXR) represses 3β-HSD expression in very much the same manner that the constitutive androstane receptor is represses the expression of some of the CYPs. Therefore, the binding of LXR agonists can lead to increased 3β-HSD expression [47].
- Havelock et al. [48] found that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) could stimulate the expression of nerve growth factor-induced clone B, which, in turn, up-regulates 3β-HSD type 2 in the human ovary.
5. 3β-HSD Isoforms in the Liver
6. 3β-HSD in Testicular Leydig Cells
7. 3β-HSD in Other Tissues
8. Dietary Influence on 3β-HSD
9. The Boar Taint Phenomenon
10. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rasmussen, M.K.; Ekstrand, B.; Zamaratskaia, G. Regulation of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 Isomerase: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 17926-17942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140917926
Rasmussen MK, Ekstrand B, Zamaratskaia G. Regulation of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 Isomerase: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14(9):17926-17942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140917926
Chicago/Turabian StyleRasmussen, Martin Krøyer, Bo Ekstrand, and Galia Zamaratskaia. 2013. "Regulation of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 Isomerase: A Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 9: 17926-17942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140917926